Innate knowledge is a view (that rationalists share) that claims that humans are born with information about the world which isn’t learned through sense experience, we gain this knowledge a priori. Empiricists (like John Locke) say that innate knowledge and ideas do not exist, when we are born the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) and we gain knowledge and Ideas through sense experience and if we have no experience of the world therefore it is impossible for us to possess any knowledge. Kant argues that we need innate knowledge and sense experience. Kant was a transcendental idealist. He was an idealist in the sense that we are aware of the real world and a transcendent because he thought that ultimate reality goes beyond our sense experience.
Paulo Freire Abstract Dr. Freire writes from a Third World perspective, but with obvious implications for education in general. He rejects mechanistic conceptions of the adult literacy process, advocating instead a theory and practice based upon authentic dialogue between teachers and learners. Such dialogue, in Freire's approach, centers upon codified representations of the learners' existential situations and leads not only to their acquisition of literacy skills, but more importantly to their awareness of their right and capacity as human beings to transform reality. Becoming literate, then, means far more than learning to decode the written representation of a sound system. It is truly an act of knowing, through which a person is able to look critically at the culture which has shaped him, and to move toward reflection and positive action upon his world.
(1) What does Pinker mean by language being an instinct? What concepts of language does he reject by claiming that language is an instinct? Pinker thinks that the ability of mastering languages comes from instinct that we can learn language through the special biological mechanism installed in the certain area of our brain without being taught by others. And each individual is born with knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, which develops in the child spontaneously, without conscious effort or formal instruction. Pinker doesn’t agree with the saying that the language ability is one of most important features that separate human beings from animals.
Though Loevinger does not specifically address the preverbal stage of ego development, other theorists agree that ego begins in infancy with the recognition of self. Loevinger believes early childhood to be continually stuck in impulsivity as self-expression; generally speaking, the impulsive stage is egocentric. The child is dependent, demanding, and the ego needs solely the satisfaction of one’s own needs and wants. The impulsive individual looks only to the present, not the past or future, and classifications are quite simple and generalized such as “good” versus “bad” or “mean to me” versus “good to me” (2006). The impulsive stage is followed by the self-protective stage in which an individual understands that it is in their best interest to follow rules most of the time.
The argument states that as children are brought up from being taught language at a very slow pace with poor teaching children are not able to have a good grasp on language, therefore Chomsky claims that their linguistic grammatical skills are not known from experience, but it is innate knowledge which gets triggered through experience. An illustration of this is ‘the sleepy cat is on the mat’ not ‘the sleepy cat look there on the mat’, this illustration shows that we as people and have been children knew that the second statement was wrong, therefore it not being learnt through experience, but triggered through our innate knowledge. An opposition to Chomsky’s claim about having innate knowledge and it being triggered can be found by John Locke. In Locke’s book 2 about ‘human understanding’ it is
The Developing Child 1) Discuss the differences in theory about the essence of human beings according to John Jacque Rousseau and John Locke and tell what the debate between them came to be called. JR: believed people are born with skills and qualities that make them who they are. JL: babies are blank when being born, we learn only by experience which we are nurtured by others. The debate between this was called nature vs. nurture 2) True or False. Babies are born legally blind.
Chomsky and other nativists state that language is inbuilt into the brains of all humans in a place that Chomsky labels the LAD (Language Acquisition Device). If we agree with Chomsky's and other nativists' ideas then we must assume that the language of deaf and blind children would not differ from that of other children. However, the empiricist Sampson (2005:1) says: 'The English language, and other languages, are institutions... which individuals may learn during their lifetimes, if they happen to be born into the appropriate cultures, but to which no one is innately predisposed.' This would suggest that the language of deaf and blind children might be deviant to language of hearing and sighted children
Introduction: Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of experience. It also includes, Classical conditioning that is a learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that stimulus. On there hand, Instrumental Conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through (operant) instrumental conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. For example, Skinnerian conditioning as a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior.
Operant conditioning is a concept developed by behaviorist B.F. Skinner. Skinner did not agree with Pavlov's ideas and thought that his classical conditioning could not give an answer to all behaviors. To Skinner operant conditioning takes place when the behavior has an outcome, and repeated behavior will occur whether the result is negative or positive (Lawson, Graham, Hall, & Baker, Chapter 10, 2007). So in simple words operant or instrumental conditioning for most people is a form of learning, in which the behavior occurs more frequently when followed by reinforcement. However, the behavior that is punish will occurs less frequent.
This meant that all behaviour is learned and can be adapted. This is done through the belief that humans are born with no free will and that they are a blank slate at birth, a tabula rasa (Lecas, 2006). From this theory, techniques were identified using classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is formed on the theory that learning is based on “... an assocition between two stimlui.” (Rice and Haralambos, 2000 : 165). This then makes a learned reaction involuntary when the conditioned stimulus is made.