There are many theories to explain the existence of gender division in employment. Underpinning explanation of gender segregation in the labor market are issues concerning male power and gender assumptions of the division of labor (Bagilhole, 1994; Crompton, 1999). Gender segregation in employment is of concern for two measures quite aside from the facts of quality of opportunity: segregation into different areas of work remains a key issue that contributes to the gender in earnings (Forth, 2002). Later, the studies focus on the issue of masculinity which has been a re-occurrent topic in most debates. Masculinity is a subjective term, and in most cases it is influenced by one's perception and culture (Cullins, V.2012).
Social inequality and social stratification, according to this view, lead to a meritocracy based on ability. Conflict theorists, on the other hand, view inequality as resulting from groups with power dominating less powerful groups. They believe that social inequality prevents and hinders societal progress as those in power repress the powerless people in order to maintain the status quo. Positions are important so long as those in power consider them to be significant. Gender is seen closely related to the roles and behavior assigned to women and men based on their sexual differences.
Masculinity and femininity differ vastly in a society due to social construction, actions of men and women, and the social norms in a society and so on. Behaviour is a very important role as it defines people. The behaviour of men and women can sometimes not be acceptable as it can be obscene and vulgar to the public, though this
Our study is important as we look for correlations between anger, gender and the work environment. Keywords: anger, status conferral, gender, workplace, emotions The Role of Anger and Gender in the Workplace During socialization periods in the 1940s and 1950s, it has been said that gender differences in anger were surfaced then, in which males were shown to express anger and females subdue it (Kemp & Strongman, 1994). A man’s expression of anger is concomitant with status and power, and less related to social relationships (Gianakos, 2002). Studies indicate that reasons for such attributions are due to the expectations that if a woman displays anger, harmful consequences to interpersonal relationships will occur (Piltch, Walsh, Mangione & Jennings, 1994). The reluctance
Gender inequality refers to disparity between individuals due to gender. Gender is constructed both socially through social interactions as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences. It is the differences in the status, power and prestige women and men have in groups, collectivises and societies. An unequal share in the distribution of power and influence between men and women. Unequal opportunities for financial independence through work or through setting up businesses.
Gender or sex refers to the socially constructed categories of feminine and masculine which are the cultural identies and values that prescribe how men and women should behave. The social power relations based on those categories are distinct from the categories of biological sex (male or female) (Germov, 2009, p. 131). Gender refers to the social aspects of differences and hierarchies between male and female. (Macionis, 2008, p. 367). Gender is understood as a system of relations, a social product constantly negotiated and redefined that both constrains and provides opportunity for action.
Within the social sciences, the conceptualization of sexism depends upon the basic assumptions about human nature, society, and their relationship which underlie current theories about society and social behavior; theories vary in the emphasis given to either human nature or to society. If priority is given to human nature, persons are considered to have inherent traits such as selfishness, competitiveness, and utilitarianism. Social relations and institutions are viewed, consequently, as products of those individual traits. In this context,, men and women are considered to have innate traits that make them different from each other. For example, while.males are aggressive, strong, instrumental, etc., females are weak, submissive, affective, nurturant, etc.
Introduction Recent work by Sherif Sherif cited in Miller and McGlashan Nicols (1953) has shown that with the regard to group norms theory (GNT) it can be explained “how individuals acquire belief systems and ideologies that support the prescription of prejudice” (Miller et el., 2008). This theory argues the differences of behaviour of people who is in-group and out-group. Being a member of an in-group gives rise to discrimination of people in out-group. The current research is the clear example of discrimination of people with body art(out-group), especially in employment. Moreover, as Ligos cited in Miller et el (2001) claimed that the discrimination associated with tattoos in the workplace also occur among those who also have body art.
Sex in the Workplace Logan Elliott Scopes and Methods POL 2703 Ayala 8/5/2012 Literature Review The research question that this paper will investigate is how does one’s gender affect the amount of income that person will generate in the workplace? This research paper looks at the inequalities of males and females within their careers when comparing them to one another and will attempt to discover if there is an unfair advantage of income distribution that favors males over females, even in instances where both sexes ensure the same job requirements as well as education and experience. It is a well-known and controversial subject in arguing that males tend to dominate in acquiring a higher income than do their female counterparts. Men tend to be seen as higher earners than women, which then inclines the association between masculinity being an attribute of wealth. This stereotype in itself can be attributed in perpetuating the wage gap at both the conscious and non-conscious levels thus leading to a sever inequality and a wage gap.
(Media Awareness Network) Stereotypes can be problematic, reducing a wide range of differences in people to simplistic categorizations. This transforms assumptions about particular groups of people into realities. Mass media, such as movies, television, magazines, newspapers, books, music, and computer games, both reflect and shape gender roles. (Knox) Women and men are usually depicted as having extremely different roles in society, evident in the way media portray them. (Al-Ghafari) Some gender roles confine both sexes to traditional duties and responsibilities.