* Federalists- People who supported the Constitution during its adoption. They believed in large national government, weaker state government, and government by the elites. * Anti-Federalists- People who opposed the Constitution during its adoption. They wanted a small national government, strong state government, rule of the common man, and protections of individual liberties. * Define and give an example of separation of powers and checks and balances * Separation of powers- An aspect of the Madisonian Model of government that requires each of the three branched of government to be independent of and to share power with each other so that one cannot control the others.
They were influenced by the writings of the french political philosopher Montesquieu. In his book ‘The Spirit Of The Laws’ Montesquieu argued for a separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial branches of government in order to avoid tyranny. ‘When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person…there can be no liberty’ wrote Montesquieu. The Founding Fathers implemented this, through the president, Congress and the US Court System with a Supreme Court which holds ultimate judicial power. The separation of powers was designed to limit government, as each branch would carry out different functions of government this meant no single branch has total control in order to form a dictatorship.
Alexander Hamilton thought that the judiciary review was the important factor of the checks and balance system and necessary citadel for protecting the public justice. He thinks the general liberty is the most important thing when considering the constitutional framework. Hamilton disagrees with the legislative branch exceeding its power as despotism but accepts the power of jurisdiction as a way to protect people, which is the more important. However, for Chief Justice Marshall, the judicial review was not a way to protect the people. It was a tool for political movements and to gain authority of the judicial branch.
He also shows men as incapable of conserving or prolonging their life without living under a ruling body, “augmentation of dominion over men being necessary to a man's conservation, it ought to be allowed him.” It is evident that both Machiavelli and Hobbes’ views of man greatly influence the way they think that man should be controlled. Machiavelli believes that man should be lead by a ruler who is manipulative and inspires fear
This is essential for our government to maintain a balance between the three branches without overreach by one over another. Montesquieu said, “To prevent the abuse of power, ’tis necessary that by the very disposition of things power should be a check to power,”(200) he also went on to say, “These three powers should naturally form a state of repose or inaction”(211). Each branch has a certain limited power over the other whether it be the president vetoing legislation, legislators impeaching the president or supreme court justices, or the Supreme Court finding legislation or executive action unconstitutional and/or not in the public’s best interest. It is argued that the judicial branch has no real power, seeing that it has no real enforcement or any legislative capabilities, but its sway is held through recognition and respect. In order to limit the power of congress it is divided into an upper and lower house.
And, this creates room for worry, he fears they would use their powers to ensure federal supremacy over states. Brutus (1788) asserted that “the judicial power of the united states would lean strongly in favor of the general government and give such an explanation to the constitution, as will favor an extension of its jurisdiction” (p.312). Thus, eventually leading to “the destruction, of that of the respective states” (p.315). Moreover, Brutus (1788) felt that the immeasurable extent of judicial powers creates room for abuse of power especially since “they are to be rendered totally independent, both of the people and the legislature, both with respect to their offices and salaries” (p.
The degradation of dialect reveals how it is almost entirely impossible to object to the Party’s core beliefs. Through the protagonist character of Winston Smith, the importance of individualism is advocated through critical thinking. Firstly, the text illustrates how language and power can be used as a mechanism of control by discouraging an individual from expressing their true emotion. The controlled language, Newspeak, was created by the totalitarian state as a tool of power, its sole purpose being to restrict the people’s understanding of the real world. The gradually declining dialect limits the ideas that individuals have the potential of formulating and expressing, promoting a narrowing of thoughts and awareness to their system of control.
Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness; the former promotes our happiness positively by uniting our affections, the latter negatively by restraining our vices. The one encourages intercourse, the other creates distinctions. The first is a patron, the last a punisher.” He then goes on to say “Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil”. According to Paine if people acted morally, government would not be necessary, but since people are imperfect, government is necessary to protect life and liberty. In his documents paine propagandes that the only way for America is to rebel.
Steeped in the middle of this metaphorical contest, Prince Hal experiences the contrasting philosophies of both Falstaff and King Henry, both of which are unable to rule successfully or honestly. Hal’s ability to amalgamate the mentalities of his two father figures ultimately proves perfect, as Hotspur’s failures elucidate true honour isn’t narrowed to the accolades he
Both Hobbes and Locke, previously inspired by Aristotle, believed that government was artificial but necessary to protect men from death in exchange of giving up some rights. Locke in his ‘second Treatise of Government’ describes his ideal government as something that “it should be limited: it should only be strong to protect these three inalienable statesâ€2 referring to Life, Liberty and estate. The idea of Property was due to Montesquieu theory of division of authority in different and numerous