This is, essentially, the opposite effect of what happens when there is weight bearing activity as previously discussed - when there is a decrease in weight bearing activity/the stress of gravity on the body, osteoclasts break down the bone where it is not needed, releasing calcium ions into the blood so that they may be used where they are, in fact, needed (Kosalanan, 2005). 9. What risk factors does Margaret have for osteoporosis? The risk factors that Margaret has for osteoporosis are that she is an elderly female, has gone through menopause, she is a long term smoker, and she is on propranolol, and she has lead a rather sedentary life. Bone density begins to decrease after age 30 for both men and women, but the effects are more severe in women, especially after they have gone through menopause.
Osteoporosis is most prevalent in white elderly females with slight body frames. (Ross, (2009) Another common musculoskeletal problem common to the elderly is osteoarthritis. This is when the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in a joint gradually deteriorates until there is bone on bone contact. Eventually osteoarthritis causes joint pain and stiffness and may require surgery to replace the damaged joint. Once again elderly females are more likely to end up with osteoarthritis than males.
High–protein diets not only limit some calcium sources, they can cause the body to lose calcium. * Constipation—MS can contribute to chronic constipation. A diet rich in fiber and fluids, along with exercise, is important to help manage this problem. Long-term safety The verdict is still out on the long-term safety of low-carb diets. They tend to be high in total fat, especially saturated animal fat, which has been linked to heart disease, cancer, and perhaps even MS.
When stressed our immune system’s ability to fight off viral infections is reduced due to a decrease of white blood cells. This is known as immunosuppression, this occurs when the stress hormone corticosteroid is present from a stress response and lowers the number of lymphocytes such as B-cells and T-cells . Stress can have two types of effects, a direct effect or an indirect effect. The direct effect is when stress affects our health directly, for example, when stressed our digestive system is inhibited, after stress is gone, the digestive activity increases, this can lead to the occurrence of Ulcers in the stomach. Stress also increases the heart rate and can lead to the increase of blood pressure, thus Hypertension and can lead to Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).
Thesis Statement: Research shows that total knee replacement surgery may not be beneficial for some people due to higher risk factors based on their age weight and being diabetic. Each of these categories has higher risk factors than for someone who is in a healthy condition. Total knee replacement surgery may be required when severe damage from injuries, arthritis or high wear and teach of the knee occurs. These symptoms can cause intolerable pain, and failing use of the knee. Several people are good candidates for a total knee replacement; those who are overweight, elderly and diabetic may not be due to the risk factors associated with this (AAOS, 1995).
The traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease are high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history, diabetes, smoking, being post-menopausal for women and being older than 45 for men, obesity may also be a risk factor. Once the inner wall of an artery is damaged, fatty deposits (plaques) made of cholesterol and other cellular waste products tend to accumulate at the site of injury in a process called atherosclerosis. If the surface of these plaques breaks or ruptures, blood cells called platelets will clump at the site to try to repair the artery. This clump can block the artery, leading to a heart attack. Lifestyle changes and medicines can help control CAD.
Stress- With exercise you can reduce stress, stress can make one gain weight. Alcohol- Alcohol not only is bad for your liver and your general health but is very fattening. Gender- Males have a higher risk of heart disease because of their natural sex hormones make them more prone, women don’t have such fluctuating hormones as men there hormones run on a cycle and are consistent most of their life decreasing their chances. Increasing Age- As you get older your body wears down leaving you more vulnerable, As you get older your body produces less of certain hormones and your metabolism slows down. Heredity- Some people naturally have genetic issues that increases their risk.
It can damage major organs. Depending on what is being eaten it can causes diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Diets high in fat can also cause heart disease and high cholesterol because it contains a high amount of saturated fat. It can cause lower core strength, slower problem solving ability and muscle response, and can also make you less alert. Having a high sugar and fat diet can cause diabetes which also leads to weight
Diabetes usually does not develop until after the age of 40, but the age is getting younger due to high rates of obesity in African Americans. The major causes of diabetes in African Americans are: obesity, hyperinsulinemia, poor diet, and lack of exercise, smoking habits, and hereditary traits. African Americans with diabetes have a higher risk for stroke, heart disease, and other cardiovascular complications. Amputations, blindness, and kidney disease are also complications African Americans, deal with that suffer from diabetes. Hispanics are at a greater risk of developing diabetes Type 2.
Iron deficiency anaemia occurs at all age of the life cycle, but is more prevalent in pregnant women and young children. Adolescent’s girls are specifically vulnerable to iron deficiency. The highest prevalence is between the ages of 12-15 years when demand are at a peak. In South-East Asia Region, except Thailand, more than 25% of adolescent girls are reported to be anaemic; in few countries the prevalence is as high as 50%.The World Health Report (2002) stated iron deficiency anaemia was one of the 10 most serious risks in countries with high infant mortality accompanied by high adult mortality and reported that measures to address iron deficiency anaemia are the most cost effective public health