Castlereagh came to office in 1812, in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars, which was a time when Europe as a whole was in disarray after copious years of revolution and war. After coming into office in 1812, Castlereagh took a leading role in gathering the Great Powers together. The outcome of this was the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814 by the Great Powers of Europe. This treaty successfully created a general European settlement that was previously just an unstable alliance. This was evidently a great success as shortly after Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
This essay plans to analyse and explain the extension of the franchise from 1830 and to asses whether Britain was fully democratic by 1918. Some historians believe that because of different anomalies in democracy such as plural votes and the power of the House of Lords made Britain fundamentally undemocratic even up to the 20th century, however other opinions are that Britain, having had changed so much, was almost fully democratic by this time. In order to judge how democratic Britain became, this essay will explain the changes in the different hallmarks of democracy and judge how democratic they became and will also analyse the vestiges of the past which held Britain back from achieving a full democratic system. Arguably, the most important trait of a democracy is the right to vote. Without this hallmark, ordinary people do not have a say in the way the country is run.
-Stresemann altered the policies with the introduction of Dawes plan and the young plan. - Germany was able to meet its reparation payments and the French left the area of Ruhr in 1924. The failures can be seen through the flaws in the constitution, political parties, economic failures the lack of support towards the republic. •The new parliament met in February 1919 and drew up a constitution that established Germany as a democracy. •It was a constitution that would preserve German democracy, liberties and rights of the people.
POLITICAL Successes: Creating a democracy out of the ashes of defeat and the threat of Revolution in 1918/19 Creating a modern democratic constitution with explicit freedoms, PR, female suffrage and an elected Presidency. Eyck called it “an experiment in liberal, parliamentary democracy” Surviving the revolutionary period of 1918-19 and the hyperinflation crisis of 1923. Creating the stability and foreign policy successes of the ‘Golden Years’ (1924-1929) Henig - remember how fractured German society was – social class, region, age Failures: The ‘Ersatz Kaiser’ - Article 48 gave the President emergency powers. This was used extensively by Hindenburg after 1930. PR allowed small parties like the NSDAP in the 1920s, to thrive.
Such an expansion in the late 19th century and early 20th century was mostly a continuation of past United States expansionism, such as that in the West after the Louisiana Purchase and Mexican-American War. However, the new Imperialism was different from expansionism in other aspects, such as how America acquired the new territory and where it was located. Overall, United States expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was very similar to previous expansion, only departing from it by a very small margin. In the early 19th century, the Louisiana Purchase was made between the United States and France, in which a large amount of French territory west of the Mississippi River was bought by the U.S. A few decades later, the Mexican-American War was fought between the U.S. and Mexico. By the end of the war and Mexico’s defeat, the U.S. acquired even more land to the west, including a lot of land along the Pacific coast.
The improvements that the French army had made during the reign of Charles V and thus, the subsequent similarities that had arisen between the two countries' armies, disappeared. Though the English were far outnumbered, they wrought a startling defeat over the French. Their defeat caused Charles VI to sign the Treaty of Troyes with the English in 1420. It ensured that upon his death, the rule of France would be handed over to Henry V. The treaty was complicated, however, when both Charles VI and Henry V died two years later. The kingship of both countries was given to Henry V's infant son.
Revolutionary War (1775–83): Causes The roots of the Revolutionary War ran deep in the structure of the British empire, an entity transformed, like the British state itself, by the Anglo‐French wars of the eighteenth century. After the fourth of these conflicts, the Seven Years' (or French and Indian) War, the British government tried to reform the now greatly expanded empire. The American colonists resisted, creating a series of crises that culminated in the armed rebellion of 1775. The Imperial Background. With the Glorious Revolution (1688), England's foreign policy took the anti‐French path it followed until 1815—a path that led to four wars before 1775.
All three Revolutions played significant part in what came to be a significantly liberalist Europe, including Industrialisation. This essay will explain just in what way the Revolutions and Industrialisation led to the overall rise of liberal government in Europe during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The French Revolution marks the beginning of the liberal movement taking shape in Europe. Not only was the monarchy in crisis (on the verge of bankruptcy after extreme spending and France’s Involvement in the American Revolution), but the people of France were also victim of poor harvest, the worst of which were in 1775 but were still significantly bad in both 1787 and 1788 (Merriman, 2004). On top of there being a scarcity of resources, the people of France were subject to also having to pay high costs for grain, a staple food in France.
Mr. Dunbar AP European History Chapter 20: The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform Outline Chapter Overview • The Congress of Vienna—which effectively ended the Napoleonic Era—was followed by a decade in which conservative political forces controlled virtually all of Europe. • Goal of the new system of balance of power was to maintain peace and prevent war • Major powers in Europe sought to maintain the authority of monarchies and aristocracies after the turmoil of the French Revolution and Napoleon • Differing views on the demarcation of national borders o Nationalists wanted borders drawn according to boundaries of ethnicity or nationalities. o Liberals sought moderate political reform and freer economic markets ▪ French Revolution in 1830 and a sweeping reform bill passed through Parliament were victories for European liberals o Conservatives wanted to preserve the traditional order and dominated much of the first half of the nineteenth century. ▪ Russia and eastern Europe continued to resist political and social change Section One: The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism • Section Overview o Historians often refer to the nineteenth century as the great age of “…isms” that includes nationalism, liberalism, republicanism, socialism, and communism. • The Emergence of Nationalism o Nationalism ▪ Definition—as a political outlook, nationalism is the relatively modern concept that a nation is composed of people who are joined together by the bonds of a common language, as well as common customs, culture, and history, and who, because of these bonds, should be administered by the same government.
The Age of Absolutism The Age of Absolutism in Europe began with the rise of national legislation and civil bureaucracies that slowly eroded local power and self-government. The rise of absolute monarchies differed from country to country, but the general consensus is that the age began with the reign of Louis XIV and ended with the French Revolution. The Age of Absolutism, when Monarchies were at the height of their power, brought massive changes to the social, political, military and economic institutions in Europe. The Age of Absolutism was based upon the theory of the Devine Right of Kings, which is a religious and political policy that states that a ruling monarch is not subject to earthly authority, and his right to rule is derived directly from the will of God. The King’s power is absolute and he is not subject to the will of the people, the aristocracy, or the church, and any opposition or attempts to limit his power is contrary to the will of God and is considered to be treason.