Martin is an ABA psychologist that decided to treat the case of Sara with a differential reinforcement of other (DRO) desired behavior, to help her get rid of her self-injurious behavior or at least decrease its frequency. For this, he needed a research design to determine if it was the treatment that was responsible for some eventual changes that were observed at the end of the treatment, or not. As DRO was being used to treat Sara’s behavior, and because this is a process that involves several steps, it became clear that the research design that Martin needed to use is the A-B-A Reversal Design. In this research design, the deadline and treatment are twice implemented, being intercalated. As already mentioned, after deciding the type of the research design to use, Martin chose the differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) as the best solution to the problems Sara having.
When a person suffers with psychological distress the way in which they interpret situations can become skewed, which in turn has a negative impact on the actions they take. He named these cognitions "automatic thoughts" because he believed that people were not necessarily aware that the cognitions existed, but that they could identify these types of thoughts when questioned closely. Beck believed that pushing his clients to identify these automatic thoughts was integral to overcoming a particular difficulty (Westbrook et al, 2007). Beck was later influenced by Ellis in his work around Behavioural Therapy and the idea that people can overcome psychological issues by altering the way they perceive an experience and in turn use this to change their attitude and behaviour towards experiences which enable the person to have positive feelings instead of negative. Becks studies found that patients’ automatic thoughts fell into three categories, the patients had negative ideas about themselves, the world and/or the future and these thoughts could lead to anxiety and depression.
Within the discussion there are specific suggestions for future research on comparison of Forgiveness therapy with other anger focused therapies. The recommendation is that the programs used should attempt to decrease or remove long standing resentment and they should be compared with those that highlight here and now anger management and behavior control. By doing this it would help in shedding light on whether the removal of resentment or control of someone would lead to affecting the behavior is the key to emotional health or not (Lin., 2004 et al,
Unit 4222-212 Outcome 1 1. Explain the importance of a holistic approach to managing pain and discomfort. It's important because, if you look only at the pain itself and not other factors such as fear, you will miss the opportunity to address that fear and by addressing fear, you could potentially reduce the amount of pain relief the individual will require (avoiding some of the unpleasant side effects when taken in large doses). Similarly, a person may not speak up about just how much pain they are in because they don't want to be a 'nuisance' - pain is not just uncomfortable or distressing psychologically, pain and fear both have effects upon the heart, oxygen requirements as a person breathes faster etc - so it is important to address it from all angles and not just one. 2.
Tony Spriggs Mrs. Hopkins English 1301.070 4-20-2013 Suicidal Thoughts Marcia Quackenbush author of the brochure “Suicide Thoughts,” writes a persuasive and informative argument to establish the genre of the brochure. Since the author would like to try and step in before any action is taken, she gives informational reasoning as well as tips and tricks that will help with suicidal thoughts and feelings anyone is liable to go through. The purpose of this brochure is to provide people with information that can lead them to help with their feelings of suicide, stress, and uneasiness. She provides many types of solutions for the thoughts and feelings of the person reading this brochure such as online help, organizations and, help lines.
The results of my IAT concluded that I have a moderate automatic preference for light skin compared to dark skin. While taking the test, I knew the response that I wanted to put but because of the switching around I would accidently press the wrong letter. I guess in my mind I was trying to move fast while keeping up with the constant change. I feel as though the test should've given a little to no preference result for me. My impression of the IAT is that it may be accurate, but it really depends on the person taking it.
Of course there are many other risks to discuss and could happen when psychological research takes place. Some of these risks in some cases need to be very much evaluated, so that the individuals participating can be informed of potential risks. What can be a threat to one individual may not necessarily be a threat to the next one. Some of the many injuries can be social and physical and in some cases mental(Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, &Zechmeister, 2005). ”With the risk being small some researchers should try to minimize the threat and save the individual” (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, &Zechmeister, 2005).What needs to take place is that the researchers must utilize the procedures in place for the individuals that are involved with the research “(Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, &Zechmeister, 2005).
The patient will be carefully exposed to their trauma. EMDR, eye movement desensitization reprocess, goal is to reduce the effect of the memory by teaching the patient certain eye movement to avoid the trauma. All three therapies are very successful coping mechanisms. Although there is no exact medication to cure post-traumatic stress disorder, there are a couple of medications that can help a patient deal with the symptoms. Antipsychotics can be used to mitigate anxiety and to avoid outbursts.
Dewey believes we consider these more as abilities that exist far from our impulsive desires. So in short, bad habits are acts that make us feel shameful, good habits are admirable. John Dewey mentions though out his writing on habits and will WE are our habit. Now even though I do not entirely comprehend all the points he makes through out the writing, I do know that he mentions several times that to fix or undo our bad habits we must replace with an equally energizing habit that is of goodness. Also to go along with that, you must be able to have more than solely will power to defy a habit.
Hence, employees might develop an avoidance behavior towards the mistakes or undesired behaviors they had committed or displayed in order to avoid repeated punishments. Punishment often works by instilling fear in employees therefore it could only be used as a temporary measure to curb undesired behaviors or activities. This paper also contains discussion on how punishments can be more effective