Refraction occurs when waves change speed when changing media. Diffraction occurs when waves bend around a barrier. 81. ANS: At the node, destructive interference takes place. At the crest (antinode), constructive interference takes place.
This is accomplished by inserting extra bits into the actual signal bits. This process is accomplished by the Boolean operation of exclusive or (XOR) and is known as pseudorandom sequence. The signal being transmitted is at a higher frequency than the original signal. This new signal resembles “white noise”. It is recovered on the receiving end by the same pseudorandom sequence and is known as de-spreading.
75uS is the time constant used for a high-pass filter to enhance the high frequency audio before transmission to help reduce noise upon reception. The PLL is the portion of the IC which locks your chosen transmission frequency to the crystal reference X1. The PLL portion also contains an oscillator circuit which works in conjunction with the external parts of D5 and the STUB (that weird trace on the back of the board). D5 is called a varactor diode, and is a special variety of diode that is connected backwards. As a reverse DC voltage is applied across the diode, its capacitance varies.
Liam Stephenson controlled assessment Introduction In my course work I will be looking at how the thickness of a converging lens affects the focal length. The factors involved in this experiment are: light, lens curvature, refraction and thickness of the lens, these will determine the focal length; the focal length is the length between the focus and the lens. Light-visible light is an electromagnetic wave in the electromagnetic spectrum The speed of light depending on the medium it is in, for example the speed of light is 300,000 km/s however when light travels through other medium such as water or glass the speed of light is slowed this is because water and glass is denser than a vacuum of air. Due to it being more dense and a change in speed, the direction of the wave will change this is
Also velocity of the light in a medium is inversely proportional to the refractive index of that medium. If the refractive index increases, then velocity of the light decreases. Reflection happens when light is returned back from the surface it hits. Incoming and reflected lights have the same angle as the surface. If the surface reflects most of the light then we call such surfaces as mirrors reflective.
This light is lost in the cladding of the receiving optical fiber. Core diameter mismatch loss is typically only a concern with multimode optical fiber. To avoid core diameter mismatch make sure to check the cores of your fiber and make sure they are the same size to the best you can. Intrinsic factors that can affect connection performance in fiber-optics come in many types. A numerical aperture (NA) mismatch occurs when the NA of one optical fiber is different from the NA of the other optical fiber.
This causes the conduction band in the source and the valence band in the channel to overlap, opening up a tunneling window. This allows band-to-band tunneling to occur laterally (parallel to the gate dielectric interface) from source to channel. Since the tunneling mechanism isn’t controlled by the flow of carriers over a barrier, TFETs should be able to switch with a much smaller voltage swing than that required in a MOSFET. Voltage is applied only to create or remove an overlap, crossing and uncrossing the bands. There are two regions of operation for a TFET: (1) Tunneling
If you pass a metal conductor through a magnetic field an electrical field is generated in that conductor. When you place two cables next to one another EMI will cause cross-talk which is where signals from one cable is picked up on the other cable. Because fiber does not conduct electricity and uses only light signals in a glass fiber instead of electrical signals through a metallic conductor, to transmit data. Since it does not use any metallic media it is immune to EMI. Higher Possible Data Rates (Oliviero 250) are possible because light is immune to interference and can be modulated at very high frequencies.
Light travels in straight lines When an object is held between a point source of light and a screen, a shadow is formed. If a line is drawn (representing a light ray) joining the light source, the top of the object, and the top of the shadow, this line is straight. 3. Light can be reflected When light strikes a surface, it can bounces back off that surface, Practically every surface reflects some light – if not, we would not be able to see colors. 4.
The acoustic waves generated from the absorbing tissue reach the detectors in the transducer array at different times. This time delay leads to the precise localization of the source tissue and creation of a map of the function of electromagnetic energy deposition. To obtain a PAT image, many photoacoustic images are taken at different angles by pulsing electromagnetic radiation onto a tissue which is suspend in a bath while a piezoelectric transducer detects the generated photoacoustic waves to reconstruct an image. PAT suffers from optical scattering, which lowers the spatial resolution with an increasing depth in soft tissues (3). PAT has a variety of applications in the many emerging fields of scientific research and may one day prove to be a valuable resource in a clinical setting.