Electrons can now continue to move through PSII and the cytochrome b6 f complex, and oxygen is produced in the water-splitting reaction. 34. Bioenergetics of Photophosphorylation The steady-state concentrations of ATP, ADP, and Pi in isolated spinach chloroplasts under full illumination at pH 7.0 are 120.0, 6.0, and 700.0 mM, respectively. (a) What is the free-energy requirement for the synthesis of 1 mol of ATP under these conditions? (b) The energy for ATP synthesis is furnished by light-induced electron transfer in the chloroplasts.
Background: A reaction rate is the decrease in concentration of a reactant or the increase in concentration of a product with time. Thus, the units for the reaction rate are usually Molarity per second (M/s) – that is , the change in concentration (measured in molarity) divided by a time interval (seconds in this case) (Chemistry: The Central Science, P. 527). Rate is usually calculated by taking an average of the disappearance or appearance of a compound with respect to time. In this case it is calculated by the absorbance of the light. Reaction rate is affected by any catalysts present (which speed up the reaction usually with an intermediate step), temperature (increases the number of particles collisions), concentration (increases the number of collisions), and surface area (increases the space available for collisions).
Bromination of Arenes This lab demonstrated the application of adding bromine to various arenes, hydrocarbons with alternating single bonds. This process, bromination, is a mechanism which treats hydrogen as a functional group. This being the case, the rate of reaction of certain arenes can be measured and compared to that of other arenes upon the addition of the bromine. The reaction occurs when the bromine radical generates from the halide diatomic molecule, using light energy. The fact that the energy needed to break the necessary bonds falls within the visible light spectrum is the basis on which the experiment is based.
Lesson 13.6 Changes of physical state: * necessary to draw a temperature-energy graph to see the change in temperature with a constant application of heat Heat of fusion - the amount of heat required to melt 1.00 g of substance. substance changing from a solid to a liquid. Heat of vaporization - the amount of heat required to vaporize 1.00 g of a substance. substance changing from a liquid to a gas. heats of vaporization and condensation are equal.
Any increase in the rate of reaction will cause an increase in the pressure of the oxygen. The first line of the graph (top) represents the normal rate of the reaction in a water solution of hydrogen peroxide and catalase. The second line represents the rate of reaction when acid is added to the solution and the third line represents the rate of reaction when a base is added to the solution. 1. What variable is plotted on the x-axis?
It is an example of a pericyclic process. Two double bonds disappear and reappear between two atoms that used to share a single bond. Two new single bonds form. This reaction proceeds via a transition state. Electron donating substituents attached to the diene, accelerate the reaction as do electron withdrawing groups on the dieneophile .
With the use of this technique we placed chlorine, bromine, and iodine into solutions containing chloride, bromide, and iodide. In the reaction the free halogen (X2) oxidizes the other halide ion (Y-) and gets reduced by gaining electron(s). In table 3, chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent and iodine was the weakest oxidizing agent. Since chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent it will react more and the weak agent will react less. This explanation can be demonstrated in table 3 also because the results of the reactions demonstrates that chloride reacted more by the color of the product compared to the color of chloride in the mineral oil.
It splits in to two 3-carbon molecules The 3-carbon molecules are converted to pyruvate . What happens to the electrons in this reaction? What two molecules are formed? They are transferred to the coenzyme NAD+ to form NADH and ATP is formed What happens to the pyruvate under aerobic conditions? The pyruvate is garter oxidized to yield more ATP What happens to the pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?
If the temperature of liver is at room temperature then the height of bubbles will increase because the kinetic energy of the system is increased so there is a greater chance for enzyme and substrate collisions, increasing the chance of a reaction, but if they are too hot they melt. If the pH of solutions increases then the height of bubbles increases because the higher the enzyme concentration, the more active sites there are where a collision between an enzyme and a substrate could take place. The data did support the hypotheses, the liver at room temperature and the liver with a higher pH solution had the greatest reaction. The liver at room temperature and the liver at a more basic pH produced much more oxygen bubbles at the result of the chemical reaction. The liver at room temperature produced the greatest reaction, the temperature of this liver was 24oC and the average height of bubbles was 122 mm, they rose out of the test tube.
The electrons formed during photolysis then replace those excited by the light. The excited electrons are then passed along the electron transport chain in a series of redox reactions from one carrier to the next. The energy released by this passage is used