Are the findings consistent with those from previous studies? There are no RCT’s only the open studies and the comparison groups from those studies were lacking. Lack of comparison conditions in these trials limits the conclusions that can be made about the efficacy of DBT for these disorders, their improvements may be due to factors unrelated to
Critically evaluate the extent to which the placebo effect is just a nuisance variable to be controlled The placebo effect is a simulated or a useless treatment for a medical or mental condition which deceives the patient into thinking it is curing them. Usually, these patients will find their health and wellbeing will improve over time, whether it actually does or they just perceive it doesn’t matter, this is called the placebo effect. Common examples of placebos are sugar pills, homeopathy and ‘psychic surgery’. While it sounds as if the deception is the cause of the patient’s improved health, it has been shown that placebos can have a positive effect on a patient who knows they are being given a placebo, when compared with a control group who received a placebo but were not informed of the deception (Kaptchuk TJ, Friedlander E, Kelley JM, et al, 2010). The most common procedure for using a placebo is when a patient is given a useless pill and is told that the pill will improve their condition.
Biological explanations of depression – (Biochemical) The biochemical explanation claims that depression is the cognitive state resulting from imbalances in brain chemistry that can be controlled in many cases by antidepressant drugs known as tricyclic drugs. However, it does not claim these imbalances are genetic in origin – and, indeed, they may be the consequence rather than the cause of some aspects of depression. There are three brain chemicals principally involved. These are noradrenalin, serotonin and dopamine. Post-mortems of depressed people do not show abnormally low levels of noradrenalin.
After analysis of the three topics, the supporting article, "Adjunctive antidepressant treatment with quetiapine in agitated depression: positive effects on symptom reduction, psychopathology, and remission rates." by Rothermundt Matthias, and the combative article, "Psychiatric Drugs As Agents Of Trauma." by Charles Whitfield, one can verify which statements are supported to be true, and choose their side. Now the main argument of antidepressants being effective in the long-term treatment of depression vs. the placebo. In the treatment of major depressive disorder there are both arguments saying antidepressants are significantly better than the placebo, and one that say there is little effect using antidepressants compared with the placebo.
Other psychiatric problems such as depression, Alzheimer’s, and dementia are not based on lab test either. Almost all of today’s known mental disorders would be eliminated and go untreated if we recognized diseases based solely on test done in a lab. However, recent studies think that have found the cause of ADHD. According to Health and Daily News “Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a real disease linked to changes in production of the brain chemical dopamine, two new reports suggest.” In the first report researchers found that a variation in the dopamine receptor gene may help cause the behavioral condition of ADHD. Lead researcher Dr. Phillip Shaw said, "If you have a certain variant of this gene, you have a greatly increased risk of having ADHD."
Nonetheless, there is little reliable comparative international information on its extent or characteristics” (Madge et al, 2008:667). Evans et al (1999) indicate that treatment of these behaviours through effective intervention would contribute to improving the health of the population. There are numerous policy documents dedicated to recommendation of structural models as well as guidance for the delivery of policy and better-quality practice within the area of self-harm and suicide (SCIE, 2005). Current policy examples in relation to this topic aim to
Facts and Opinions On the con side of the argument is John Kihlstrom who believes that the claims of blocked and recovered memories are nothing more than clinical folklore with no scientific study or evidence to provide proof. Kihlstrom continues that the emotional arousal resulting from a traumatic experience leads to the release of stress hormones that improve memory. Kihlstrom believes based on this a traumatic event should actually result in a more vivid memory as opposed to a repressed one. The pro side of the argument includes David Gleaves, Steven Smith, Lisa Butler, and David Spiegel assert that there are circumstances in which severe distress can lead a person to block a memory only to later recover the memory. Gleaves and his colleagues contend that while it has
Discuss how the utilisation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy impacts upon an individual’s recovery and social inclusion. Introduction The need for psychological interventions in the treatment of psychosis is increasingly being acknowledged (Garety 2003). There are various reasons behind this trend. One is that while the use of medications in treating psychosis has been the mainstay of mental health treatment, an effective treatment outcome is not always guaranteed (Kane 2003). Secondly, while some people recover from positive symptoms of psychosis, the majority fail to recover from negative symptoms like hopelessness, low self-esteem, low confidence, feeling disempowered, and consequently remain socially excluded, unemployed, with poor social roles and with no hope for the future (Mathew et al.
Upon reviewing JGH’s presentation there appears to be moderate signs of a personality disorder but not enough criteria to warrant a diagnosis. Therefore on Axis II the diagnostic code is 799.9 Diagnosis deferred on Axis II. Axis III Medical Disorders In the case of JGH, a physical examination, a review of his systems, and laboratory tests did not reveal any medical conditions that are potentially relevant to the understanding or management of JGH’s mental disorder. However; taken consideration for his age I would defer this diagnosis pending further test. Axis III: Deferred Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental Problems Age is a consideration in diagnosis JGH.
It considers tools used to screen depression and the assessments and interventions used in nursing to improve health and overall wellbeing of the sufferer. Theories and classification of depression Berk (2010) stated that theory is the base for research and theory-based research instructs practice. There are many theories with regards to depression, yet not one can cover the entire aspect of depression in older adults (Hunter, 2012). Psychosocial theories include the learned helplessness model that concentrates on the loss of family and friends and diminished social interaction leading to the expectancy of bad things to happen (Hunter, 2012). This theory seems to be closely linked to older adults and depression and incorporates with the nursing staff to encourage independence as much as possible (Hunter, 2012).