Cyanobacteria are simple, single-celled photosynthetic prokaryotes. There are two ways in which these microbial communities form, the first being the most common in bays and ocean locations. The first method involves the growing filaments (cyanobacteria) trapping fine sediment with a sticky film of mucus that each cell produces, and then the sediment grains are binded together with calcium carbonate given off by the water. The second method is used in lakes and requires the cyanobacteria to precipitate their own carbonate framework and hardens as the filaments continue to grow upwards through the formation, towards the light. An environment in which Stromatolites would live and grow include: anaerobic, marine (lakes, bays, oceans), high salinity, low tide, warm temperature, poor water circulation or shallow water.
Previously, it was taught that upwelling as physical processes causes the cycling of nutrients in the ocean. This process is essential to life, as these nutrients are needed to sustain life. However, tiny sea animals have been overlooked in the past. These mini “monkeys” have a monstrous impact of the cycling and moving of nutrients in the oceans. A study on this topic was done to explore how much of an impact these tiny animals have on the ocean currents as they travel in masses.
Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient for aquatic organisms. Phosphorus forms parts of important life-sustaining molecules that are very common in the biosphere. Phosphorus does not enter the atmosphere, remaining mostly on land and in rock and soil minerals. Eighty percent of the mined phosphorus is used to make fertilizers, and a type of phosphorus such as dilute phosphoric acid is used in soft drinks. Phosphates may be effective in such ways but also causes pollution issues in lakes and streams.
Causes: -Elevated/decreased sea water temperature Coral species live within a relatively narrow temperature margin, and anomalously low and high sea temperatures can induce coral bleaching. Bleaching events occur during sudden temperature drops accompanying intense upwelling episodes, seasonal cold-air outbreaks. Bleaching is much more frequently reported from elevated sea water temperatures. -Solar irradiance Bleaching during the summer months, during seasonal temperature and irradiance maxima often occurs disproportionately in shallow-living corals and on the exposed summits of colonies. Solar radiation has been suspected to play a role in coral bleaching.
Both runoff of fresh water from the land and rainfall may dilute water along the seashore. Alternatively, tide pools may become saltier than the sea because of evaporation during exposure at low tide. Both perturbations tend to increase in magnitude as height above the mean low tide line increases (Laboratory Manual for Principles of Biology, 1992). [pic] Figure 1. The marine intertidal zone.
For this reason fresh water fish require very efficient kidneys to remove all of the extra water, and methods of maintaining and collecting the salt lost through urination. Random fact: Some fresh water fish are said to never drink and be constantly peeing... In contrast salt water fish have the opposite problem. Their cells tend to be less salty than the environment in which they live, so the water is trying to escape. As salt water fish do not have access to fresh water to replace the water they are losing (due to osmosis), they have to constantly be drinking salty water in order to stay hydrated.
As illustrated by figure 1, the trade wind from the Southeast that is parallel to the coast pushes warm surface water away from the coast and being replaced by deep water, this process is known as upwelling. The deep water is rich in nutrients which support a phytoplankton bloom. Moreover, according to Dr. David Eggleston, a faculty advisor in department marine, earth, and atmospheric science, Anchovy eats phytoplankton as a result it would increase anchovy's capacity during upwelling. Furthermore, the amount of nutrients at the coast depends on El Niño and La Niña. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration states that Peruvian fishermen realize they had higher catches during La Niña conditions compared to El Niño.
Certain coral reefs have progressed in order to survive outside this temperature range. The Great Barrier Reef is a type of coral reef called hermatypic corals meaning that they contain zooxanthellae algae and are colorful. This type of coral reef can live in water temperatures ranging from 64-91 degrees Fahrenheit (18-33 degrees Celsius). Nutrients are another abiotic component of coral reefs. Corals only survive in clear water where light can break the surface of the water.
Fish are very sensitive to chlorine and other impurities in tap water. Allowing the tap water to sit out for a few days will rid it of any impurities and you will then be able to fill up your aquarium. The items discussed are very easy to acquire and even afford, but can make the difference in life and death for your fish.
Those foods with lower water activities are quite shelf-stable in that they contain very little water available for microorganisms to use for growth. When microorganisms grow, they degrade the food causing spoilage as well as health dangers for the consumer. Although there can be a correlation between total moisture content of a food and the water activity, the correlation does not occur at all times. Food products can exist with high moisture content but have very little water activity. Many natural ingredients can be added to a product to “bind” the water making it unavailable for the growth microorganisms.