Jacquelyn Sanchez Phobias and Addiction Psy 300 Phobias and Addictions Classical and operant conditioning are two common behaviors, yet are very common ways in which humans learn behavior. Many times we learn without be aware we are learning. The results of both classical and operant conditioning contribute to the individual's ability to thrive and function normally. Although and Individual may experience some addictions or phobias each individual will learn to adapt to the difficulties of human society (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Phobias and Classical Conditioning A phobia is a constant irrational fear of an object, situation, or activity that the person feels impelled to avoid (Kowalski & Westen, 2011).
Drugs used in a way that is not medicinal can be deadly and have shown to be too large a temptation globally, and have been the source of many historic events. Recreational drug use should be monitored and individuals should be charged when felonies, like selling or owning recreational drugs, are committed. It is not wise to allow recreational drug use and these practices must be regulated and controlled to the best of the government’s ability in order to keep our cities safe and our population healthy. Recreational drugs include, but aren’t limited to, marijuana, cocaine, opioids, prescription pills, heroin, and more recently “bath salts”. These substances can cause serious damage to the central nervous system, internal organs and, most importantly, effect ones brain.
General strain theory identifies various types of delinquent adaptations, including escapist (e.g., drug use), instrumental (e.g., property offences), and retaliatory (e.g., violent offences) outcomes. Coping via illegal behaviour and violence may be especially true for adolescents because of their limited legitimate coping resources, greater influence from peers, and inability to escape many stressful and frustrating environments. Of the various types of negative emotions, anger has been identified as playing the key role in mediating the effect of strain on delinquency and violence. This is the case because anger “increases the individual’s level of felt injury, creates a desire for retaliation/revenge, energizes the individual for action, and lowers inhibitions” (Agnew, 1992: 60). Some studies of the mediating model in general strain theory have focused on anger as the sole intervening factor in the relationship between strain and delinquency.
Does an individual’s acoustic startle response increase during their drug addiction or while they are in recovery. Based on this could we determine early on in an individual life if an individual lacks the acoustic startle response are they more apt to become addicted to an illegal substance. One way to understand the relationship between addiction and acoustic startle response is through integration of Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) and Psychopharmacology. PNI deals with the body’s psychobiological responses to stress. The foundation of Psychological stress has been found to be based on the lack of control and predictability.
A family history of addiction provides a great risk of being an alcoholic. Most commonly is it being a psychological crutch helping them with daily or life problems. The most addictive, part of alcohol consumption is ethanol which is extremely poisonous to the body. Most addictive legal drug is outlawed but many people still seem to get their
Research indicates that pathways into crime and drug use are causally related because they both result from factors such as physical and sexual abuse, poverty, lack of education, poor mental health and unemployment. Globally, the rise in the illegal drug use is the main cause of domestic violence, depression, unemployment and the rising crime rates experienced by many countries. Addiction and drug-related crimes are the most intractable social problems facing the world today. Illegal drug use and crime do not have a direct causal link. The two are related by specific common causes which include temperamental causes, parental alcoholism, antisocial personality behavior and poor relationships with parents.
Why are prisons bursting at the seams? According to Joe Romaine of the International Business Times, it is because of America’s “insane drug laws,” which are doing more harm than good (Romaine). Many people may argue that drug offenders are getting what’s coming to them— they broke the law, and therefore it is part of their consequence to suffer through the overcrowded “cruel and unusual” incarceration. Individuals who argue this point are mistaken because although criminals should indeed receive punishment for their actions, there comes a time when a line of propriety is crossed. The ‘war on drugs’ has become a harsh and unnecessary measure that frankly costs American taxpayers far too much money.
The diagnosis that Randall McMurphy has is antisocial personality disorder. According to Mohr (2006), antisocial personality disorder display aggressive, irresponsible behavior that leads to conflicts with society and subsequent involvement in the criminal justice system, people with this disorder are often superficially charming, lack genuine warmth. Some ways to address character’s behavior could be psychotherapy as this focus on helping them gain control his anger and impulsive behavior by redirecting triggers and developing alternative coping strategies according to Hoeksema (2004). Secondly cognitive behavioral therapy could be use as a behavioral strategy which offers reinforcement for positive change; social skills and assertiveness training teach alternative ways to deal with frustration. Cognitive strategy will aid client to recognize and correct inaccurate internal mental, Townsend
Very similar to substance addictions, non-substance addictions show all of the components of traditional chemical or drug addiction. This includes a huge preoccupation with the behavior, a chemical high, which involves an increase of neurotransmitters in the body (brain chemicals), and actual withdrawal symptoms, which is when the neurotransmitters decrease dramatically. This decrease of neurotransmitters causes craving for the activity or drug. Even though it is not due to an external chemical dependence, non-substance addiction can be extremely dangerous. Non-substance addicts face the same pitfalls as substance addicts; financial loss, loss of family, criminal procedures due to actions brought on by the activity, and quite possibly death
If confronted with the infrastructure of their phobia, the person will encounter ample affliction that can conflict with everyday functions; if can periodically cause them complete panic (Cervone and Pervin, 2010). Furthermore, for some individuals the slight idea of his phobia is exceedingly stressful. Phobias can be a crippling presence in someone’s life. The depletion of output and adaptability, because of a person’s phobia can be extreme. An understanding of psychology can help an individual grab control to escape from the fear.