Underaged drinking is a social issue and causes many problems from learning problems to alcoholism. Alcohol is a depressant and people tend to fall back on it in times of trouble. I can’t figure out why person’s under the age of twenty-one want to drink alcohol. Is it to get acceptance from their peers? Or is it to relax and sit back after a bad day?
Possible causal factors in drug abuse include the influence of peer groups, the existence of so- called “drug culture,” and the availability of drugs as tension reducers or pain relievers. Some recent research has explored a possible physiological basis for drug abuse. The discovery of endorphins, morphine-like substances produced by the body, has led to speculation that a biochemical basis of drug addiction may exist. The so-called “pleasure pathway (MCLP) has come under a great deal of study in recent years as the possible potential anatomic site underlying the addictions. The treatment of individuals who abuse drugs is generally difficult to treat and often fails.
The assumptions and techniques of classical conditioning can also be used to treat anxiety, compulsive behaviours or anxiety-like symptoms. From the classical conditioning, the concerns triggered behaviours that are instrumental and operant; conditioning to distinguish that affect spontaneous behaviour (Clark & Squire, 2008, pp. 77-81). Phenomena Associated With Classical Conditioning Generalization: The conditional response (CR) is not only obtained with a specific stimulus, but with elements that have some resemblance to the conditioned stimulus (CS). The behaviour is adopted or avoided in other circumstances some resemblance reinforced or punished behaviour (Staats & Staats, 2009, p. 37).
Phobias and Classical Conditioning A phobia is a constant irrational fear of an object, situation, or activity that the person feels impelled to avoid (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Phobias can interfere with the ability to work, socialize, and maintain a normal daily routine. They can cause such an overwhelming anxiety that people who have phobias may avoid any situation or object that is associated with the phobia. Individual whom have phobias may experience sweaty hands, increasing pulse rates, anxiety, or stomach aches. They may also isolate themselves from society (Mc.
That addicts are anti-social, and that they use because they want to, not because they need to. Though addiction may be a hereditary disease, drug use is a learned behavior. Some people begin to use drugs out of curiosity, or peer pressure. There are many environmental factors as well, such as advertising and media; television and movies, and today’s music also can be an influence as well. “Symbolic Interactionism is a social theory that focuses on the analysis of the patterns of communication, interpretation and
This may effect an individual’s ability to socialize, work, or carry out tasks in their own life. Phobias may cause more do stress to an individual to where that individual will not want be have anything to with anything associated with the phobia. This may cause the individual to draw away from society all together. There are many symptoms associated with phobias, such as: chest pain, sweating, choking sensation, shortness of breath, dizziness, heart palpitations, nausea, and the fear of dying. (Smith, 2010) Classical conditioning may cause an individual to develop a phobia.
The most common areas for social risk factors for drug abuse and addiction include males, being between 18 and 44 years of age, unmarried, and lower class status. The physical and psychological effects of drugs can be detrimental to someone's life. Physical effects of using drugs vary depending on the drug but intoxication with a substance can cause physical effects that range from marked sleepiness and slowed breathing as with intoxication with heroin or sedative hypnotic drugs, to the rapid heart rate of cocaine intoxication, or the tremors to seizures of alcohol withdrawal. Signs of a teenager having problems with substance abuse can be shown by a frequency of missing school or work, lack of energy and motivation, lack of interest in clothing or a lack in attempting to look nice, sudden and frequents requests for money. Other physical symptoms include an increased heart rate and blood pressure, dry mouth, red eyes, decreased coordination, slowed reaction time, and increased appetite.
The person’s patterns of thinking and behaviour differ from the expectations in society and they interfere with the persons normal functioning. Examples of this are paranoid personality disorder, obsessive compulsive personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Anxiety disorders – People with anxiety disorders respond to certain objects or situations with fear and dread. This can be mild or severe. The person may suffer with responses that are un appropriate in certain situations as well as the usual signs (rapid heartbeat, sweating and nervousness.
It significantly affects the way a person feels and can interfere with every day life functioning. There are a variety of symptoms that affect everyone in different ways. Depression can be a reaction to a distressing situation like a loss, or stress, or can be part of an illness like Bipolar in which a person experiences extreme moods without any reason. It can be totally unrelated to any outside cause, but associated with a chemical imbalance in the brain. Hypnosis can be helpful for mild cases of depression, but anything else should be referred to an experienced Therapist or Doctor.
Stopping or reducing the use of this substance would cause withdrawal symptoms to occur. Drugs are harmful when someone takes more than a prescribed dose of a drug, when someone takes another person’s drugs when they do not need it, and when someone becomes addicted to drugs, and when drugs have dangerous interactions, and when a drug taker experiences side effects. All drugs alter the natural brain chemistry, some more permanently than others. Depending on the type of drug used, duration of use, frequency of use, and type of drug being used, changes may be more or less extensive and permanent damage may or may not result. It is often