Bussey came to this conclusion when he found that children imitate same sex models but do not imitate same sex models that are gender inappropriate. Gender roles are also affected by social influences like parents. Parents sometimes have strong opinions on the divides between genders which results in different reinforcements for different behaviours. For example, a mother may react negatively to their daughter playing with masculine toys but positively to their son playing with the same toys. Parental influence has strengths, for example there is a wealth of scientific evidence supporting it.
Bowlby proposed that an internal working model (IWM) developed in childhood will determine or affect later adult relationships and how successful they are. Ainsworth’s strange situation helped develop three main types of attachment: secure, resistant and avoidant. Secure children develop a positive model of themselves and relationships as their primary caregiver was sensitive, emotionally responsive and supportive. Resistant children have parents who were inconsistent in their care giving, resulting in the child having a negative image of themself - often seeking attention but not finding comfort when they receive it. Avoidant children often have rejecting parents, which leads to them developing an internal model which makes them think they are unacceptable and unworthy.
They believe that securely attached infants would become autonomous adults; these know the importance of their past relationships and can recall positive and negative experiences. Those that had insecure attachments would fall into the dismissing or preoccupied category. They would see their childhood experiences as either unimportant and dismiss them or as important but cannot resolve issues. Using the AAI, Hamilton (1994) studied 30 adolescents and found a strong correlation between infant attachment type and adult attachment type. Similarly Steinberg (1990) found that securely attached adolescents were more likely to maintain healthy relationships with their parents than those classified as dismissive or preoccupied.
The way in which the child behaves during the strange situation is determined by the behaviour the care giver presents to the child. For example insecure children are associated with inconsistent mothers and absent child are associated with unresponsive mothers (Oates, 2005). The desired attachment categorise is secure attachment.secure children are confident that the attachment figure will meet their needs, that they will provide a safe base. The children are easily soothed and look to the figure during distress or upset, these attachments are formed if the figure responses to their needs and is sensitive to their signals (Oates, 2005). As described by winncot ‘ good enough mothers’.
Compare and contrast the approach to studying children’s friendships taken in the Bigelow and LA Gaipa (1975) study with that taken by William Corsaro. [pic] In early infancy, children’s most important relationships are those with their primary guardians and other family members. Initially, relationships with other children are far less important than those with family members. However the importance of children’s peer relationships develop throughout childhood and by the teenage years most young people tend to use friends as their main bases of social and emotional support. Childhood friendships serve as a training ground for future relationships in which social skills, such as persuasion and resolving conflict, can be developed.
The use of structure assessment tool inform decisions about the most effective way to meet the young person’s needs Mitchell (2006) This scale was used however to gain a basic knowledge of outcome whilst not overlooking the family meetings as a measure of outcome. The scale has been negatively described before as having this and this. It is important to consider to what extent changed on an outcome measure indicate a change thta children and their families’ expirence as meaningful. Camhs working realies heaily upon user interaction so and so say of this practice ‘rating of complaints defined by the patient is a type of individualised scale that may be used as an outcome measure and may be very meaningful in clinical
Bowlby’s theory of attachment is still relevant in understanding child care issues, but in a world dominated by parental issues psychological intervention may become a way of life. “Privation, when there is failure for a person to form an attachment to any individual- through a series of early different carers or family discord, Distortion occurs through lack of stimulation and affection” ( Woods, 2006, pg 139 ). Attachment issues may continue on in later life, a person could have trouble forming relationships. A person may feel the need to seek help with these issues and a good medium for help would be short term Psychodynamic
al., “What doesn't kill you makes you stronger”: Survivalist self-reliance as resilience and risk among young adults aging out of foster care. Children & Youth Services Review v. 30 no. 10 (October 2008) p. 1198-210 Snowden, J., et. al., Predictors of children in foster care being adopted: A classification tree analysis. Children & Youth Services Review v. 30 no.
Moreover, the negative effects of hours spent in non-maternal care remain throughout childhood and adolescence. Maternal sensitivity is the strongest and most consistent predictor of children’s social–behavioral adjustment throughout development. When a low level of maternal sensitivity is coupled with more time spent in day care and/or a lower quality of day care, children tend to experience insecurity in their attachment to their mothers. A secure mother–child attachment is associated with positive peer interactions, social behaviors, emotions, and exploratory behaviors. Children are most
2. Attachment Differences * Securely attached children play and explore comfortable when mother is near. * Insecurely attached explore less when mom is near and may cling, cry, or otherwise become upset. * Both mother and father love = predictors in childrens overall well-being. * Adult relationships = reflect the security/insecurity attachment styles of early childhood.