Unit 9 Assignment: Case studies of Emily and Mr. Smith Kaplan University School of Arts and Sciences PS 360- 02 Introduction ABA short for Applied Behavior Analysis formerly known as behavior modification is the use of behaviorism to modify human behaviors, as a learning or treatment process (Cooper, Heron & Heward, 2007). It is a science by which the basis of the analysis of behavior are applied consistently to better significant behaviors and in which experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for change in a behavior (Cooper, Heron & Heward, 2007). Behavior analyst focus on the observable relationship of the target behavior to the environment, and thus use methods associated with ABA to change said behavior (Cooper, Heron & Heward, 2007). In applied behavior analysis, all experiments should include: (1) one or more participants, (2) one or more behaviors (dependent variable), (3) at least one setting, (4) a system for measuring the behavior and ongoing visual analysis of data, (5) at least one treatment or intervention, (6) manipulations of the independent variable so that its effects on the dependent variable may be quantitative or qualitative analyzed and (7) an intervention that will benefit the participant in some way (Cooper, Heron & Heward, 2007). During this paper two case studies will be recapped, target behaviors will be identified, each case will be within a subject experimental design where the participant will serve as their own experimental control and for each case there will be a provided systematic approach to clearly identify the problem (in this case an appropriate, quantifiable target behavior that is in need of change).
COPYRIGHT MICHAEL P M MHLANGA THE NATURE NURTURE DEBATE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUALS. MICHAEL P M MHLANGA GREAT ZIMBABWE UNIVERSITY The concepts of nature and nurture shape the development of human beings. This write up sets out to assess the nature nurture debate, pinpointing the effects each has on the development of children. Terms that will be defined are nature nurture debate, nature and nurture. Feldman (2009) defines the nature nurture debate as the issue of the degree to which environment and hereditary factors influence the behaviour.
Developmental Timeline Developmental Timeline Deny Crowder Grand Canyon University Module 1 September 20, 2009 This timeline will show the works of Lawrence Kohlberg , Jean Piaget’s, and Erikson’s theories on different developments from birth to adulthood. They have their degrees and the right time of studies to show what comes first and what comes last in these developments. Example of the different behavioral problems are:( ADHD ) Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder that is a chemical imbalance in the brain. Heredity and environment through ones genes they could inherit like eyes, height, etc. The environment that the child lives in and or around.
Ainsworth’s strange situation study illustrates such differences empirically, and distinguishes the varying degrees of security of attachment with respect to the exploratory and attachment behaviour displayed by her experimental subjects. Further research and analysis of the strange situation found that maternal sensitivity, infant characteristics, and social support are predictors of secure attachment, although their relative importance is debatable. Although strange situation provides useful insights about early close relationships, it is limited in certain aspects, especially in measuring the attachment of non-maternal early close relationships. The strange situation is a laboratory procedure devised to test the security of attachment between infants and their respective mothers to determine the types of attachment and nature of attachment behaviours. In Ainsworth’s original study, 56 family-reared infants of white, middle-class parents were involved in the eight episodes that followed a standard order for all subjects (Ainsworth and Bell, 1970, p. 53).
Sample introductions from first-year essays (psychology) Essay title: Compare and contrast, using examples, how ‘knowing’ something has a different meaning for a psychologist compared to a member of the lay public. Introduction 1: According to the Heinemann English Dictionary, ‘knowing’ something simply means ‘to understand’. However, before actually looking at the difference between knowing something as a lay person and as a psychologist, it is paramount to establish what psychology actually is. The definitions of psychology have changed over its lifetime; nonetheless, it is considered a science which looks at part of human behaviour. Introduction 2: There are many facts in life that all people will lay claim to ‘knowing’.
Can intelligence change? To what extent is intelligence malleable? Extended Essay: Psychology Name: Candidate number: School: Nörre Gymnasium Word count: 37811 Abstract This essay investigated the research question: To what extent is intelligence malleable? It was necessary to start by presenting the debate on defining intelligence since there is not a complete consensus among psychologists, however, this paper accepted a definition which is generally accepted by respected psychologists; that ‘intelligence is the ability to deal with cognitive complexity’ (Gottfredson, 1998). In presenting and analysing empirical evidence such as Howe (1997) supporting the thesis that intelligence can, in fact, change under the right conditions and given enough time, a strong indication of malleability is provided.
Attaining insight into the influence of my early childhood focusing on Erik Erikson's stages of Trust vs. Mistrust, Identity vs. role confusion and Intimacy vs. Isolation will shed light on the how and why of the characteristics and behaviours of my current relationship. Erik Erikson (June 1902-May 1994) was an American developmental psychologist born in Germany. Erikson had the belief that during the life of all human beings, they will undergo eight major psychosocial stages. Even if the conflict of a certain stage is or is not effectively resolved, the person is influenced by both genetic motivation and the strains of society in subsequent stages.
A stimulus load theory proposes a theory of stance restriction to explain the fundamental phenomenon between stimuli and performance. Research is important in the field of environmental psychology because it brings about homeostatic balance between humans and nature by gathering facts from correlational studies, field experimentation, and laboratory experimentations (Stewart, 2007). Theoretical Approaches Environmental psychologist theories of individual psychology help to understand the fundamental interaction between behavior, experience, and environment. To that end, the theories that underlie the principles of EP borrow from the fields of psychology, anthropology, sociology,
As the text states, it started with a concern for, “…explaining the processes of thought by using the technique of introspection (i.e., self-reflection)” (Wickens, 2005). Since self-reflection is biased then there had to be a more investigational method, conceivably, a method where the information could be observed and recorded. Psychology has become more about the study of behavior and mental phenomena, whereas, biopsychology is about the study of the brain and how it relates to behaviors. In my paper I will identify some of the important theorists that are associated with biological psychology and describe the relationship between biological psychology and other fields of psychology and neuroscience. I will also describe the major underlying assumptions of a biopsychological approach.
Evolution of Cognitive Psychology as a Discipline Bertha Scott PSYCH/560 December 19, 2011 Professor: Bradley Johnson The purpose of this paper is to define cognition. This paper will explain the interdisciplinary perspective as it relates to cognitive psychology. This paper will describe the emergence of cognitive psychology as a discipline. Finally, this paper will assess the impact of the decline of behaviorism on the discipline of cognitive psychology. Define cognition Psychology is generally defined as the scientific study of mental processes and behavior.