Discuss the value of the Multi Store Model of memory (12 marks) The MSM of memory consists of four main components: the Attention System (Sensory Store), the Short Term Store (often known as the working memory), the Rehearsal Loop and the Long Term Store. The Attention System filters incoming information. If this information is paid attention to, it gets transferred into the Short Term Store. However, if the information is not acknowledged it is lost/decays. The Rehearsal Loop allows the rehearsal of information resulting in it being transferred into either the Long Term Store, or due to maintenance rehearsal, the information will be able to stay stored in the Short Term Store.
Discuss how dividing attention facilitates or impedes each team member’s learning. The process of learning is reliant on new information to first be understood before arriving in the short team memory (STM) where rehearsal allows for transfer into the long term memory (LTM). As soon as information is stored in the LTM the information can be recovered with any thought or similarity to it. When it comes to learning by multitasking “with its rapid exchange of attention or focus” it will result in a lower ability to adequately transfer information in to LTM. The human brain struggles to effectively perform two competing tasks at the same time (Dzubak, 2007, p. 7).
Outline the multi-store model and working memory model The multi-store model of memory is when information appears in Sensory Memory if attention is given to this it transfers to Short Term Memory, if the information is then rehearsed; it appears in the Long Term Memory. If at any time attention or rehearsal is not given to the information the trace decays and so because of this, we forget, however this need for rehearsal for transference into the Long Term Memory has been criticised as some information can be retained without any form of rehearsal. Within the multi-store model of memory, both Long Term Memory and Short Term Memory differ from each other in various ways; the duration of short term memory is 18 seconds, where as the duration of long term memory is a lifetime. The capacity of short term memory is found to be 7 + OR – 2, compared to long term memory’s unlimited capacity. As far as coding is concerned, there are also differences between short term and long term memory; short term is acoustic and long term is semantic.
With reference to relevant research discuss the extent to which models of memory and theories of forgetting explain human memory. This essay will analyse the effectiveness of the multi-store model of memory and the working memory model together with examination of Trace Decay and Displacement theories of forgetting, as effective methods for explaining human memory. Memory can be defined as the minds storage system for information or experience (Gross 1996). The multi-store model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968/1971 as cited in Gross, 1996; Cardwell, Clark and Meldrum, 2004) is a linier diagram with three stores; the sensory store, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) stores. Entailing of information flowing in a fixed sequence from one to the next.
13 Discussion Pg. 13-14 References Pg.15 Appendices Pg. 16-17 Abstract This report is based on the experiment conducted to investigate the Stroop effect which is named after Ridley Stroop; a psychologist who observes that it takes people longer and with possible mistakes in reading aloud the name of colours when written in a different colour (incongruent word) than when it’s written in its own colour (congruent word). For example if you write red using blue ink it takes more time to read blue aloud than when writing red using red ink. As Brown and Warner (1915) have pointed out, the difference in speed in reading names of colours and in naming colours may be accounted for the difference in experience called the "automatic word recognition hypothesis" or, as others have claimed, certain mental activities happen automatically even when not consciously stimulated by the subject.
2) BRAIN DAMAGED STUDIES tells us that certain areas of the brain are used when components of working model are getting used so this tells us that tasks need different parts of the brain so they are really separate systems at work this can be seen by MRI scans. 3) Baddley and hitch: as the working model tells us that if were trying to do two tasks at once they need the same system to do it in the working model then our performance will suffer but if using different parts of the working model then it may work. The weaknesses of the working model 1) Central executive has little support. Most of the
Baddeley and Hitch used the term 'working memory' to refer to the part of the memory that is active or working. This could be as simple as playing a game, calculating sums or reading a sentence all of which are collecting data to be stored. The working memory model consists of three parts; these are the central executive, phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad. The central executive controls attention and draws on the other two systems known as the 'slave systems'. The central executive has a limited capacity; in other words it cannot attend to too many things at once.
Without our memory it would make our living our everyday lives extremely difficult. The memory helps us process and recall important event, facts and allows us to learn and retain information both in the past and the future. A mental image is formed when we use or create a picture and use that picture to retain information. It is said within starting with psychology 2011 ‘that the more colourful, bizarre and complicated the image is, the more likely it is that we will be able to retain, store and recall it later. An example of this in Spoors et al (2011)’ is the use of the bell which produces an unpleasant smell which was used to remember the word ‘poobelle’ a word that apparently means bin in French.
Outline and evaluate the model of working memory In this essay I am going outline what is working memory in terms of psychology and evaluate it in terms of both advantages and limitation of the working memory model. The fact that short-term memory contains both new information and information retrieved from long-term memory has led some psychologists to prefer the term ‘working memory’ (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 1986,1992) Working memory model is an alternative to the multi-store model; it is a far more complex explanation of short-term memory. Baddeley and Hitch argued that the short-term memory was made up of several subsystems, each of them have a specialized function, rather than the short-term memory model being a single inflexible store. According to Martin, G. N, Carlson, N.R & Buskist, W. (2006) “According to Baddeley, working memory is a short-term memory system that allows us to retain material for current use and not just for transport into long-term memory.” Baddeley suggested this short-term memory as having three independent components that allow us to store temporarily visuo-spatial material and verbal material. These components were so-called the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad and the Phonological Loop.
Therefore, this experiment was conducted in order to explore how the depth of processing affects memory recall. This experiment was conducted based on the Levels-of-processing Theory which “suggests that the deeper the level at which information was processed the more likely it is to be committed to memory” (Gerrig, Zimbardo, Desmarais & Ivanco, 2012, p.230). Memory is “the capacity to store and retrieve information” (Gerrig et. al., 2012, p.217). In a previous study conducted by Craik and Tulving (1975), the depth of processing was tested using a Shallow, Intermediate and Deep levels of encoding.