No wonder why daddy is so hairy,” Timmy exclaimed as he jumped all over the living room pretending to be a monkey. Oh dear! He’s learning evolution, Timmy’s mother thought in her head. The evolution of human beings from apes may seem ludicrous but when you mention the term evolution, many people would actually say that it’s the belief that humans evolved from apes. This misunderstanding of evolution can cause people to dismiss the whole theory and believe in creationism or intelligent design.
Another episode from the case study where Diane had intrusive obsessional thoughts of strangling her own children with the dressing gown cords suggests that Diane had maladaptive cognition and she believed that her thoughts would help to cause events (thought-action fusion) e.g. ‘If I wish my children dead, that increases the chances they will die’, and for that reason she had an urge to control those unwanted thoughts and carried out the compulsive rituals. Salkovskis et al (2003) also outlined that neutralising intrusive thoughts usually involves carrying out actions that are intended to reduce any potential threat. This supports the cognitive model as it shows the importance of maladaptive cognition
The primary caregiver in the second stage, during conditioning, is known as the unconditioned response which becomes associated with the food, still known as the unconditioned stimuli. Then the third stage takes place which is known after conditioning. This is where the primary caregiver is now the conditioned stimuli and the pleasure that the child receives is the conditioned response which is how the child forms attachment. There is also operant conditioning which takes place when the child is learning through reward. When the child is hungry it will cry which creates discomfort to the child itself.
For example they all are caused by fear and change or even fear of change. A habit can cause stress, such as trying to stop smoking. A phobia may cause stress and anxiety, for instance if an individual has a phobia of rats, they may become stressed and anxious, until someone removes the rat. Fear is always the reason for stress. The subconscious mind is our survival mechanism; it will automatically create our fight or flight in motion.
Evaluate two psychological treatments for phobic disorders (16 marks). One of the psychological treatments for phobic disorders is behavioural therapy. Behavioural therapies aim to replace maladaptive behaviours with adaptive ones by using conditioning techniques. Systematic desensitisation (SD) is the main behaviourist treatment for phobias. It was developed by Wolpe (1958), SD is based on classical conditioning, with patients learning in stages to associate fear responses with feelings of calm, rather than previous associations between phobic objects, situations or fear.
Psychodynamic and Cognitive-Behavioural approach. In this assignment I will be comparing and contrasting how the psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioural approaches to counselling understand the person, and how these two approaches explain psychological distress experienced by individuals. I am going to start by describing the key concepts of each approach and then outlining the similarities and differences. Psychodynamic approach The main purpose of the dynamic approach is to explain behaviour in terms of its dynamics. i.e.
Oral stage is the first stage. Mouth activities such as sucking, biting, and licking will probably we have noticed that infants seem to put everything in their mouth. Freud also believed that there could be two reasons for fixation. First if the infant weaned too early then it would feel forever under-gratified and unsatisfied and would develop into a negative, sarcastic person. Secondly, when infants weaned too late then it would over-gratified the develop individual’s innocent personality, simply trusting in others and with a tendency to swallow everything.
Often times, people become depressed and rely on anti-depressants to keep them sane, when all they have to do is be true to themselves and express themselves in a healthy way. A Brave New World strips each person of their uniqueness by conditioning babies to hate books and nature, and to be categorized into groups by means of violence and hypnopaedia. This society can represent what our future can be like if people keep suppressing their true selves. Cloning and conditioning are tools that are used in conforming today’s society. If people believe in themselves and express their true spirit and their true selves, the world will continue to be the remarkable dwelling that holds an infinite number of spirits that are constantly growing with each
Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are taken to prevent deficiency. A diet high in calories calorie and well-balanced is preferred for CF children. Psychosocial support for parents and children with CF is essential as CF causes anxiety and fear in both the child and parents. Issues parents and children deal with include body image from stools and odor, frequent hospitalizations and the fatal nature of the disease process. Parents may have feelings of guilt and blame themselves for the child’s condition.
Once he or she stops thinking about going to this place entirely, he or she will then start to feel better and the anxiety will disappear. This is an example of how classical conditioning and avoidance of these feared objects will make the phobia worse. There may be many different causes when it comes to phobias such as a childhood trauma or genetics, but classical conditioning plays an important role in either reinforcing or causing these simple phobias, sometimes both. Through this conditioning, people have repeatedly associated the fear with terrible anxiety, strengthening the fear. This can interfere with your everyday life, because a person will go to great extents and avoid numerous situations that may have snakes to do with it, such as an aquarium, or where ever snakes may be.