A higher response rate can be obtained if follow-up questionnaires are sent, but this can add to the cost and time. However, some sociologists may choose to use questionnaires as there is no need to recruit and train interviewees thus saving costs. Another reason as to why some sociologists choose not to use questionnaires when conducting research is because of the fact that questionnaires are snapshots of social reality of the time when the respondents answer the questionnaires. This means that they fail to produce valid pictures as they do not capture how people’s attitudes can change over time. On the other hand, questionnaires tend to be used by sociologists as they provide less ethical issues than other research methods.
ATCH causes the adrenal cortex to enlarge and release cortisol - this can then weaken the immune system. Therefore, if the body receives too much stress, it can result in serious illness. Gerra (2003) investigated the death of a spouse and how it affects the immune system. Individuals who had recently experienced an unexpected bereavement showed lower lymphocyte activity compared to matched non-bereaved controls. This difference was observed 40 days after the death and in some participants, still continued after six months.
This weakens the immune system leaving the body vulnerable to infection and illness. Raised levels of cortisol suppresses the TH1 immune response. Kiecolt-Glaser et al conducted a natural experiment into acute stress, the aim was to see if the stress of exams had an effect on the immune system. Blood samples were taken from medical students before and during the exam period, T-Cell activity was measured in the blood samples. The findings showed that T-Cell activity was significantly higher before exams which suggests that acute stress caused reduced immune system functioning.
These students showed an increase in sIgA whereas during the examination period, which stretched over several weeks, the levels of sIgA decreased. He proposed that short-term acute stress may actually up regulation therefore increasing efficiency but chronic stress may cause down-regulation. Lazarus criticised both these studies as he says that it is difficult to establish a relationship between stress and illness. He suggests that health is
When stressed our immune system’s ability to fight off viral infections is reduced due to a decrease of white blood cells. This is known as immunosuppression, this occurs when the stress hormone corticosteroid is present from a stress response and lowers the number of lymphocytes such as B-cells and T-cells . Stress can have two types of effects, a direct effect or an indirect effect. The direct effect is when stress affects our health directly, for example, when stressed our digestive system is inhibited, after stress is gone, the digestive activity increases, this can lead to the occurrence of Ulcers in the stomach. Stress also increases the heart rate and can lead to the increase of blood pressure, thus Hypertension and can lead to Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).
The new LDL levels were notably measured by their percent change from the old LDL levels. It is said that the 6 mg/kg dose lowered LDL levels by a percent change of 56% while the 3 mg/kg dose lowered LDL levels by a percent change of 46%. After 4 weeks the scientists found that some patients even had a LDL level reduction on 80% on the highest dose (6 mg/kg)! A blocking variable of name, race, or gender is not noted in the article. However, it is said that patients using cholesterol-lowering statins were used for the experiment which means patients who had high levels of cholesterol were mainly used as experimental
– A transplanted organ contains substances which the immune system recognises as being foreign. These substance acts as ANTIGENS. – This stimulates the body to make antibodies and other substances which attack and can possibly destroy the organ • Identify defence adaptations, including: □ Inflammation response: □ Phagocytosis: □ Lymph system: □ Cell death to seal off pathogen: – SECOND LINE OF
There are some major problems with using them. Students with high I.Q’s are expected to do better than the rest of their class, and on the flip side students with low I.Q.’s are expected to do worse. That is not always fair because students with low I.Q.’s might not get the attention needed simply because their teachers do not expect much from them. In the end there is no fairness to some. This leads to an ethical question of, is giving an intelligence test ethical?
Finnally the immune system eliminates viruses if it is able to reproduce. When we are stressed in a chronic way, cortisol is released as a part of the pituitary adrenal system. One of the effects of extra cortisol is that it reduces the amount of white blood cells including killer T cells. T cells are important when in regards to fighting antigens. This means, the immune system does not work as effectively, so that we are more prone to colds, flu and other viral and bacterial illnesses.
The myelin sheath around the axon of the brain and the spinal cord are damage. MS prevent the nerve cells of the brain and the spinal cord from affectivity communicating by slowing down the nerve impulse. When the electrical nerves slow down, its blocks a signal from being passing from the brain to the spinal cord, result in a lost connection. MS is an auto immune system disease when the body destroys itself. The immune system work against the body a foreign virus enters the body; the body make antibodies to fight of the infection, but the immune system eventually work against itself by helping to destroy the myelin around the axons.