The participants were then quizzed to see how many critical words (words starting with s) they could remember. The data was then recorded on a table. The results show that the participants who did not have note paper remembered more critical words that those who had note paper. The conclusion that can be drawn from this experiment is that using mental repetition help people to remember more than when people take notes. Also, people tend to remember primacy words more than recency words.
Research that was carried out by Sperling in 1960 gives evidence for the MSM, this is because the experiment that was carried out showed that when reporting a group of 12 items that were flashed on a screen for 50 milliseconds, it was 42% less accurate than reporting only one row, which was 75%. This shows that information in the SM decays rapidly unless it is able to be transferred into STM and then into LTM. Another piece of research that supports the MSM is that carried out by Glanzer and Cunitz. There research looked at the serial position effect. When the participants were asked to record the number of words they could remember from a list of 20 words it was found that the participants tended to remember the words that were at the beginning of the list because the words are rehearsed and therefore they are transferred into the LTM.
The samples were stratified and represented subgroups by gender, age, ethnicity, religious preferences, and educational level (Lin et al., 2004). The participants were randomly assigned either to FT or ADC therapies (Lin et al., 2004). The study initially started with 40 participants and 3 were eliminated due to their pretest scores (Lin et al., 2004). The final sample of the study was small with a completion rate of 35%, which was represented by 7 women and 7 men (Lin et al., 2004). According to Pyrczak (2013), a response rate of less than 50% would make generalizing the results difficult.
From short term memory to long term memory rehearsal was needed otherwise it would not be entered. Sensory memory is divided into the 5 senses, Iconic, Echoic, Gustatory, Olfactory and Haptic. In sensory memory the information is stored for 1-2 seconds approximately and if it is not given attention it decays. Short term memory lasts for about 30 seconds and can hold around 7 + or – 2 items. If this information is not rehearsed then it will decay and not be entered into long term memory.
By putting different values for r3, we can get a number of lost revenues by simulation method. 4. Putting it together We will put all the random variables and calculated values together and then we have to find the cumulative number of weeks from the values for weeks which we have found in intervals between breakdowns. Now, we have to take that much values of r2 till the cumulative number of weeks reached at 52 or near about 52 such that if we will take one more value for r2 then cumulative number exceeds to 52. We are taking 52 weeks as an upper limit here because we have to find the lost revenue over the period of 1 year and 1 year contains 52
She measured the NK cell activity to see how the immune system was effected and found that the NK cell activity had dropped significantly in the second blood sample that had been taken shows that stress had caused to lower the efficiency of the immune system and made the students were vulnerable to stress-related illnesses. Also Marucha et al. conducted a study involving a group of students. Marucha inflicted a punch-biopsy 3 days before an exam and found that the wound took 40% longer to heal when the wound was inflicted during the exam period. Also if a acute stressors could have such a negative impact on the immune system on chronic stressors where also suspected to have a similar effect.
POSSIBLE EXAM STYLE QUESTIONS ON MEMORY: • Psychology students sometimes revise for an exam by reading their notes over and over again. However, psychologists suggest that other memory improvement strategies may be more effective. • Explain how a student could use their knowledge of strategies for memory improvement (other than repetition) to help revise for a psychology exam. • Explain two differences between short-term memory and long-term memory in this Model • Explain two differences between short-term memory and long-term memory in this Model • Outline one strength and one limitation of the working memory model • In this experiment, participants were asked to look at a photograph rather than watch a live conversation. Explain one strength and one limitation of carrying out the experiment in this way.
After the sessions were taped a member of the research team selected, “3 sessions for each of 3 participants in both treatment groups” (Lin et al., 2004). This was to ensure that therapies were being delivered consistently in treatment groups. Since no members of the treatment were conducting sessions, Lin et al. ensure that the providers had been practicing for at least 20 years in the specific treatment
In short term memory, there is a limited capacity of much information can be held. Long term memory has an unlimited capacity however; the average capacity of short term memory is 7 items at a time. In 1956, Miller proposed that we could hold about 7 items in our short term memory but there is also a range of capacity of five to nine items which is why his article is known as ‘The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two’. Miller conducted an experiment in which participants were given ‘sentences; varying in lengths. They were asked to recall words in the correct order given in the sentence.
“In the digit-span task, an examiner reads a serious of randomly arranged digits at a rate of about one per second, and at the end of the list the person must repeat them back in exact order” (Bjorklund, 2011, p.110). Another task may include anything to do with watching an examiner display a sequence and the person repeating that sequence in order. This task measures the capacity of a person’s short term memory. Sensory memory will start to decline in mid-twenties and continue to decline throughout one’s life. Working memory on the other hand is the amount of information an individual can keep in their mind while doing verbal and non-verbal tasks.