Displacement occurs when the ego takes out its feeling on a person or object that is not necessarily the initial cause of aggression but is seen as being less threatening. This has been linked to discrimination and prejudice, where people take their aggression out on groups that are less powerful. Evidence to support the frustration- aggression hypothesis comes from a study by Barker, Denbow and Lewin (’41). Groups of children were shown attractive toys for a long time but were not allowed to play with them so they became angry and frustrated. When children were let into the room with the toys they acted aggressively by fighting and deliberately breaking toys.
I would bet that all of us can remember a time as young children when we were told leave something alone because it was ‘dirty and ugly’. Quoting Ramsey, et al; “For example, in a seminal study, Dion (1973) found that 3- to 6-year-olds believe that attractive children are friendly, do not like to fight or shout, and will not hit another child even if that child hits first. Conversely, children believe that unattractive children scare other children and will hit and hurt other children without good reason. In addition, young children prefer attractive children as friends, like them more, and consider them to be smarter, more pro-social, and less antisocial relative to unattractive children (Dion, 1973; Langlois & Stephan, 1977).” This is why as Marley grew to a young man, he would have sought out friends and acquaintances that he found beautiful. At the University of Texas, further research by Langlois, et al, in the interaction of beauty in the life of humans has shown that humans seek beauty, but left as many questions unanswered as it answered, extolling the need for further studies.
Commercials are about promoting and selling to one kind of audience, children. Their product must be appealing and often lie about the product but it gets it sold and children continue to want them. Article 4 (miller) Qualitative Differences among Gender Stereotyped Toys: Implications for Cognitive and Social Development in Girls and Boys According to what the article stated it was suggested that the early play experiences of girls and boys may contribute to gender differences in cognitive and social development, empirical support for this hypothesis is limited. (Miller, 1987) Such as girls or boys knowing the gender differences of toys and classifying them in a
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory suggests that acts of aggression are learnt through the observation of role models. His original “Bobo Doll” study showed that when exposed to aggressive behaviour small children copied this behaviour, not just by being physically aggressive but even copying the verbally aggressive behaviour. However this study focuses on children who are supposed to learn in this manner, this doesn’t demonstrate that this would also be true in older children or adults who already have a set moral compass that would interfere with copying aggressive behaviours. However Bandura’s later study showed that if children saw someone get punished for aggressive behaviour they were less likely to be aggressive themselves when they were allowed to play with the bobo doll but if they saw someone get rewarded for this aggressive behaviour then they were much more likely to act aggressively themselves, this shows that vicarious reinforcement is important to the learning of aggression through the social learning theory, as receiving direct positive reinforcement leads to people having high self efficacy making them very likely to repeat the aggressive behaviour that they were rewarded for. In terms of aggression this reward could come in many forms such as acceptance from a violent gang they want to be a part of or just attention from a parent or teacher.
Children’s likes and dislikes are defined on MTV and BET. Children see how they should dress and how they should physically look by watching television and reading magazines like Cosmopolitan and Rolling Stone. Some children are more vulnerable to these messages than others. Children who are insecure about themselves or eager to please others are most likely to fall in to this horrible craze of being “thin and beautiful”. Children are bombarded with images and messages that reinforce the idea that thin is happy and successful.
There are many theories into the cause of aggression. Many reasons why people suddenly become bad people. There has to be a reason why a normal person like you and me suddenly becomes 'bad'. One theory for aggressive behaviour is the social learning theory. Social learning theory states that we learn behaviours, including aggression, by imitating successful role models.
These statistics show that child beauty pagents are harming children, but why else should they be banned? Child Beauty Pagents affect a childs development. Most children who compete in these pageants think that looks is everything and are taught that if you are pretty then that's all that matters. This also causes children to have unrealistic expectations for when they grow older. When the children grow older they start to have self esteem issues which can lead to depression and other mental health problems.
People who abuse their children will not stop just because it is illegal(1, Selwyn Duke , The New American). Studies show that if a teen is still being spanked, he is more likely to get into fights and become violent. Research also shows that teens who are still receiving physical punishment do worse in school than their peers(2, Daniel Martin, Mail Online). There are positive effects of spanking your children if you do it the right way. Studies show that children who are spanked between the ages of two and six performed better at school.
Growing up, I do not remember getting too many spankings, but, I can still here the crack my Dad would give my younger brother and sister. I felt so bad for them, especially if he left a mark. I would want to go console them as soon as he left, but was forbidden to do so. In 2009, a Duke University study published in Child Development concluded that spanking has detrimental effects on the behavior and mental development of children. The researchers found children who were spanked as 1-year-olds tended to behave more aggressively at age 2, and didn’t perform as well as other children on a test measuring thinking skills at age 3.
In each of these shots almost the exact same reaction can be seen; vague, blank eyes, dropped jaws conveying overall stunned expressions. This reaction depicts the obvious prejudice held by both parents. Kramer then contrasts this adult held prejudice by cutting from either stunned parent to Joey’s fresh and open facial expression shown through close ups, contrasting adult prejudice that is not present in Joey’s youthful face. This idea of prejudice absent unless in youth unless taught suggests that individuals are not powerless against prejudice as the hope lies in the unprejudiced youth. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee also depicts prejudice being an adult behaviour which is learnt through exposure.