The stranger then enters in an attempt to comfort the child then after a short while the mother would walk in and the stranger would leave inconspicuously. There results were as followed, Ainsworth found that 22% of the infants were avoidant-insecure, 66% were classed as having a secure attachment and 12% were resistant-insecure. In conclusion the study showed that there were three significant differences between infants and their form of attachment that can be placed in three categories. Also that the mother’s behavior may be significant in determining the infants attachment type as there was an association between the mother’s behavior and the child’s. Although this research has helped many psychologists (Erickson et al, Everett waters) with their experiments this one may not be very valid, because the results may not apply to infants with different cultures and beliefs, therefore we cannot generalize the results as it was only tested on middle-class US children.
Throughout the set up, the infants were judged on an intensity scale of 1-7 (1 being the lowest and 7 the highest) which described their behaviour. This was Ainsworth’s quantitative data, though some of the method was qualitative. When the mother left the room and returned, with the effect of the stranger, the infants’ behaviour showed that the infants could fall into 3 types of behaviour. Type B is ‘secure attachment’; this is when the infants found it stressful and unsettling when their mother left the room. They did not care about the stranger attempting to give the comfort.
Van ijzendoorn and kroonernberg conducted a meta analysis of 32 studies in 8 different countries. They found that difference between cultures were small, secure attachments was the most common in every country, followed by insecure avoidant. These cross cultural similarties support the view that attachment is innate and that different cultural practices have little effect on attachment behaviour. Another study conducted by Takahahi demonstrated differences between cultures when the strange situation was used. 60 middle-class Japanese infants 1 years old and their mothers were observed in the Strange Situation It was found that 68% of infants were classified as securely attached/ 32% as resistant-insecure / none were classified as avoidant-insecure The Japanese infants were extremely disturbed when left alone.
Describe and evaluate research into cross cultural variations in attachment In 1988, Van Ljzendoorn and Kroonenberg used an analysis of the Strange Situation to research cross-cultural patterns of attachment. They used the same procedure as Ainsworth of assessing attachment as it shows how not all infants are securely attached. They therefore found the same three types of attachment: Secure attachment, insecure resistant and insecure avoidant. One of the most significant findings was that there was a 1.5 x more varaiations with cultures then between cultures. Also they found that secure attachment was the normal attachment throughout each country.
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg carried out a meta-analysis that collates and analyses data from many studies carried out by other researchers of 32 separate studies in eight different countries over 2000 babies using Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’. To find out about attachments types in different cultures. Participants were then classified into three groups. Generally, Type B (secure attachment) was most common, with Type C least common (the standard pattern). Type C was more common in Israel, China and Japan.
Outline and evaluate research findings into cross cultural studies of attachment If attachment is an innate behaviour we would expect attachment behaviours to be very similar across the world. Infant attachment styles in various cultures have been studied using the strange situation test. There are differences and similarities in attachment types between cultures. German infants showed a different pattern of attachment than the other groups. Only 40% of them were securely attached, 49% of them were anxious and avoidant, and the remaining 11% were anxious and resistant.
Therefore it is strange that they are making informed choice. The concerns raise as the more children will not receive the vaccines the bigger chances of breakdown in ''herd immunity'' as the hypothesis says. In some cases people are resistant to new ideas because it depends what they are representing. In this case many parents believe that vaccination put their children at bigger risk than not having them. There are some statistics that WHO has published showing that children under 2 years old not necessary ''develop immunity following vaccination''.
However, a recent review of research found surprisingly little experimental evidence to support this hypothesis. Despite having a strong belief in the cycle of violence, there have been problems in previous studies that have made it difficult to get conclusions about the long-term consequences of early childhood victimization. These problems include the lack of a control group against which the abused and neglected group could be compared. Another problem is the retrospective design of the studies, requiring the researcher to rely on ability to remember details about their early childhood. Improving on past work, this study (done by sociology professors at Carleton University) included a relatively clear definition of abuse and neglect; a prospective design in which the development of children was followed rather than traced backward in time; a large sample group; a control group matched as closely as possible in age, sex, race and approximate social class background; and an assessment of the long-term consequences of abuse and neglect beyond adolescence and juvenile court and into adulthood.
Ainsworth said that an anxious avoidant child ignores their mother, seems indifferent, is easily comforted, they treat mother and stranger the same. A secure child is happy in their mother’s presence, they becomes distressed when mother leaves, they
These two are mumps and rubella. Combining three vaccines into one will eliminate the time it takes for parents to visit clinics for the vaccines as well the needle sticks or inconvenience and pain of the injections. Many parents object to immunization for rare childhood diseases of which measles is included. I think a lot of this resentment of vaccinations have to do with lack of education. The first dose of the measles vaccine must be given at the beginning of the first year and continue till the child is six years old.