In general, a brain affected by Dementia produces less of some neurotransmitter. which sets off an imbalance in the brain. For Example, In Alzheimer's, Too little Dopamine effects the acetylcholine levels in the body and starts to block receptors , disabling the brain to reach the right signal to the intended brain cell. Amino Acids, Monoamines, Trace amines, Peptides and Gasotransmitters are some of the endogenous chemicals who’s function it is to allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next neuron across the synaptic Cleft. Only 100 chemical messengers have been found to date.
Genetics can help explain addiction, the genetic explanation of addiction focuses on the fact that an individual may have gene which makes them more susceptible to pursue addictive behaviours e.g. drug taking. The A1 variant of the DRD2 gene has been linked with the initiation addiction. People with the A1 variant are said to have few dopamine receptors as a result Noble refers to the gene as the "reward gene", this is because dopamine is a neurotransmitter which we associate with reward and pleasure. Alcohol/drugs can increase the level of dopamine (this compensates for the lack of dopamine receptors in individuals with A1 variant of the DRD2 gene).
Those who are drug resistant may be offered clozapine which in an atypical drug and has a similar effect to chlorpromazine, reducing positive symptoms and some negative symptoms. Clozapine is effective in 50% of drug resistant patients however this still means that 15% of schizophrenics do not respond to drug treatments and therefore this suggests that brain neurochemistry is only one in a number of factors that cause schizophrenia. There are side effects with both of these drug treatments, clozapine can weaken and damage the immune system and chlorpromazine may cause the schizophrenic to develop facial tics which is known as tarrdive dyskinesia. It is therefore very important that patients receive the correct dosage because if they are given too little then the drugs are unlikely to benefit the patient and if given too much then they may be exposed to unnecessary side effects
For many, OxyContin showed an increased level of activity and drastic decline of pain. Others have done poorly. OxyContin is a narcotic with effects similar to morphine. As with any narcotic, the body tends to build a tolerance leading to physical dependency (Feinburg 2-3). However, Purdue Pharma still denies OxyContin to be addictive.
High cholesterol is due to lack of physical activity, diet, being overweight, high blood cholesterol can be hereditary, as well as age and gender can play a role. 1. Statins work well at lowering LDL cholesterol. Statins such as Crestor, Lipitor and Zocor work well at lowering LDL cholesterol. Stains are safe for most people, some rare but uncommon side effects can include muscle and liver problems.
This shows support as a high optimum level of nicotine is needed in order to avoid severe withdrawal symptoms. However one weakness surrounding this area is the issue of reductionism; the model is largely focused on the biological basis of addiction, ignoring social and environmental factors. Another weakness may be deterministic as individuals may have little or no control over their addictive behavior due to biology because some people may be genetically predisposed to their addictive behavior and therefore unable to regulate their behavior. There is also a research on biochemistry of the maintenance of smoking. Research has found that as nicotine increases dopamine release, it tends to provide a pleasurable and rewarding feeling that leads to maintenance.
7 / 12 damage or surgical injury. Ischemic pain caused by occlusive blood vessel illness is frequently serious and may not be diminished, even with opiates. The person with a fringe vascular infection may encounter ischemic pain only while exercising because the metabolic demands for oxygen cannot be met because of the blocked bloodstream. The ischemic torment of incomplete blood vessel impediment isn't as extreme as the sudden, excruciating pain related with finish impediment, for example, by an embolus or thrombus. The description of the pain may vary from throbbing, consuming, or prickling to a solid shooting pain.
Treatment During an episode of schizophrenia, you may need to stay in the hospital for safety reasons. MEDICATIONS Antipsychotic medications are the most effective treatment for schizophrenia. They change the balance of chemicals in the brain and can help control symptoms/ These medications are usually helpful, but they can cause side effects. Many of these side effects can be improved, and should not prevent people from seeking treatment for this serious condition. Common side effects from antipsychotics may include: •Sleepiness (sedation) •Dizziness •Weight gain •Increased chance of diabetes and high cholesterol •Feelings of restlessness or "jitters" •Slowed movements •Tremor Long-term use of antipsychotic medications may increase your risk for a movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia.
Methamphetamine or Meth, like other drugs, can short circuit the survival system by artificially stimulating pleasure areas in the brain. As this happens, it leads to increased confidence in meth and decreased confidence in normal everyday life. When this occurs the user becomes more interested in meth related activities, people, and environments. Withdrawals of meth use: fact or fiction? Much to contrary belief meth users do suffer from withdraws as well as any other addict would.
However, giving elderly people a replacement for dopamine doesn’t seem to help. Although these three neurotransmitters may be involved in depression we do not know how. Researchers investigating the endocrine (hormonal) system have found that the adrenal cortex produces cortisol and cortisone – two hormones involved in metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Cortisol production is increased as the individual experiences stress, and this may trigger other psychological responses leading to the experience of depression. Hormonal (oestrogen and progesterone) imbalances are known to be involved in some menstruation-related depression, although the precise involvement is not known.