Psychologists have many different theories to explain attachment, one being the Learning Theory. Before attachment is learned, the child gains pleasure through being fed.Learning theory sees attachments as developing through conditioning processes. This theory is based on behaviourists theory and suggests that all behaviour is learnt rather than innate. Learning theory explains all behaviours acquired through experience via the process of association. Classical conditioning occurs when a stimulus becomes associated with a response while operant conditioning involves learning behaviour due to its consequences via the use of reinforcement.
This was achieved by pairing the rat with a loud noise that already made Albert anxious. The anxiety that Albert portrayed was transferred to the rat because it was presented together with the noise. The response also generalised to other stimuli that resembled the rat, including a rabbit and a fur coat. Over time, conditioned responses like these gradually diminish in a process called extinction (Sammons 2010). Operant conditioning which was studied by B.F Skinner, this is where people learn to perform new behaviours through the consequences of the things they do.
B.F Skinner again starved a rat and placed it in a box with a lever. Whenever the lever was pressed by the rat, a small pellet of food dropped into a tray for the rat to eat. The rat soon learnt that when it pressed the lever it will receive food. In this experiment the lever pressing behaviour was reinforced by food, which again through operant conditioning the rat’s behaviour was shaped. In my opinion Skinner’s target was met because his aim or purpose was to shape the rat’s behaviour.
Phobias are learned through elements of classical conditioning, and addictions can be learned and strengthened through elements of operant conditioning. Distinguishing between Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning, the first type of learning to be systematically studied, is defined as a procedure by which a previously neutral stimulus come to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits that response (Kowalski, 2009). Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, documented and developed the concept of classical conditioning in an experiment he conducted in which he conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus, a bell, is paired with a stimulus, dog food. The dog food is a stimulus that produces a response naturally.
Explain how Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner contributed to the study of learning and conditioning. To understand the relationship that classical and operant condition has you must first understand what they are to see how they work together. Classical conditioning is the processes that take creating an association between what is going on within ones environment. This includes items that are found naturally as stimulus and something that can be considered neutral. The most famous example of this is thanks to Ivan Pavlov.
Marketers often capitalize and use this tool to invoke their desired action from the consumer end. In our everyday life we are being conditioned by different product and under different situation we prefer certain product. Our consumption preference is now mostly biased and influenced with these conditioning because we have been trained to select and make a preference in a given situation. To have a clear idea on classical conditioning we will discuss the Pavlov’s famous experiment which established the classical conditioning theory. Classical conditioning is made using two stimuli.
Outline and evaluate one or more social psychological theory of aggression Social psychological theories, such as social learning theory and deindividuation, propose that the causes of aggression comes from our interactions with others. According to social learning theory, aggressive behaviour is learned either through direct experience or by vicarious experience. Learning by direct experience is derived from Skinner's principles of operant conditioning. It is when you act in an aggressive manor and, as a result, get rewarded for it. The reward acts as reinforcement, therefore you are more likely to act like this again in a similar situation.
Discuss principles of reinforcement and punishment in your response. Operant conditioning is the process in which a human or non-human learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces desired outcomes rather than negative experiences. The central principles of operant conditioning include reinforcement, punishment and extinction that can then be further defined into finer categories. The principle of reinforcement is a consequence that causes behaviour to occur with greater frequency. Positive reinforcement is where behaviour is rewarded (whether intended or not) which will increase the probability of reoccurrence of that behaviour.
P1: Explain the principal psychological perspectives. The Behaviourist Perspective: With the behaviourist perspective they believe that all behaviour is learnt through conditioning. This includes the working Pavlov (Classical Conditioning) and Skinner (Operant Conditioning). The behaviourist perspective looks to understand human behaviour in terms of what has been learnt. The behaviourist perspective believes that our behaviour is the result of operant or classical conditioning; both of these explain behaviour as being a direct result of learning.
Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through this process, an association is formed between the behavior and the consequences for that behavior. A famous American psychologist, B.F Skinner demonstrated an experiment with his animals. For example, Skinner placed a pigeon in a box with a disk that a pigeon can peck to receive bits of grain from a food tray. He noticed