The Abbasid dynasty came to power as the third of the Islamic caliphates through a religiously and politically motivated movement “on the River Zab, south of Mosul in northern Iraq, in February 750”. Economic, political and social grievances, such for example like high taxation, discrimination of Non-Arabs and an unfair administration has led to the Umayyads’ collapse, whose seat of the Caliphate was in Damascus, and the Abbasids’ rise of power. The Abbasids won the encouragement of the Shiite Muslims against the Umayyad rule by temporarily converting to Shia Islam. But as soon as the Abbasids managed to gain the power they embraced the Sunni Islam and disavowed any support for the Shia beliefs which lead to many conflicts. The Abbasid era saw the full integration of new converts, both Arab and Non-Arab into the Islamic community.
However, Nasser had forced the West into submission. The effect of his uprising eventually spread to other Arab nations. For example, Lebanon’s 1958 civil war between the existing regime and revolutionary currents had been influenced by Nasser’s ideas. This justifies the idea that Nasser casts an impact on Arab states and encourages Arab unity. The merging of Egypt and Syria in 1958 allowed Nasser to unify both states is another factor regarding the encouragement of Arab Unity.
As every great Empire declines and falls, the intrusive Turks were the main reason why several strong and stable civilizations were torn apart. The impact of Turkic invasions on the Byzantine and Islamic worlds were similar because they were the main cause of the decline of these two major empires by conquering the lands as well as the control of the regions they invaded, also bringing with them their Sunni religion the Turkish invasions greatly impacted the religion of the Byzantine and Abbasid Empires, however, the invasions had overall more positive effects on the Islamic world while they negatively effected the Byzantine Empire. The Turkish invasions conquered the lands of both the Byzantine and Abbasid Empires, which eventually led to the decline and fall of the entire Empire as a whole. In 945, the Abbasid Empire began to decline as it was invaded by the Buyids of Persia who were later replaced by the Seljuk Turks. For the next two centuries the Turkish military leaders ruled over the parts of the empire it conquered until it was eventually no longer the Abbasid Empire.
The Magyar were part of the Second Age of Invasion that the Muslims initiated. They traveled from Western Asia and resembled the Turks in many ways.1Their art post a serious threat to the stability of numerous European Kingdoms, including the Byzantine Empire. For instance, “The Magyars fought as they had on the Eurasian Steppes, as fast-moving and light equipped horse archers”.2 Moreover, their hit and run tactics made it extremely difficult to defeat. In addition, since they were driven by their desire to salvage and pillage the regions they often did not accept open battle instead rely on their surprise attract and immediate retreat. The Magyars started their invasions of Europe in the 9th century AD.
Based on the following documents, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Muslim empires. What types of additional documentation would help access the rise and fall of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals? Historical Background Beginning in 1280, the Ottoman Turks rose from a minor frontier state to control most of Southeastern Europe, Southwest Asia and parts of North Africa. For centuries, European Christians refused to ring church bells for fear that local inhabitants would think the Turks had invaded. Starting in the early 1500s CE, in Persia and India, the Safavids and Mughals created powerful states, whose institutions and policies shared many similarities to the Ottoman Empire.
The Hyksos made significant contributions to Egyptian society in the form of new technologies, weaponry, as well as everyday items. They Hyksos forced them into a Militaristic culture adopting new policies to keep a strong country secure. Manetho states "during the reign of Tutimaos a blast of God smote us, and unexpectedly from the regions of the East, invaders of obscure race marched in confidence of victory against our land. By main force they easily seized it without striking a blow; and having overpowered the rulers of the land they then burned our cities ruthlessly.4 Manetho gives us a detailed report of the invasion of the Hyksos how it started and what they did. The Hyksos introduced many good things to Egypt but they created this great fear of the north after being beaten by the Hyksos they lost the northern part of Egypt this left Egypt as a small civilisation known as Thebans rather than Egyptians.
The Sunnis and the Shi’a make up the wider nation of Muslims. The divide between the two is essentially political in origin, dating from the debate over who should succeed Muhammad as leader of the ummah(Islamic nation). The Shi’a are so named because they descend from the shi’at ‘Ali, the Party of ‘Ali, Muhammad’s nephew and son-in-law. This party proposed that the religious and political leader of the Muslims, whom they called the imam, should be a descendant of the Prophet. In time, mainstream Shi’ism would insist that the imam be descended from Muhammad through the line of ‘Ali and his wife Fatima, Muhammad’s daughter.
Islam is a monotheistic religion which is articulated by the Quran, and the teachings of the Sunnah and the Hadith of Prophet Muhammad, who is considered to be the last prophet of Islam. The word Islam means submission to God, peace, and the way to peace. The followers of Islam are called Muslims. Presently, Wahabbism has gained international attention because of their acts of terrorism within the last few decades. This minority group of Islam is recently fostering the growth of religious fundamentalism.
Political changes were increased, new religious, economic, and political patterns were constructed by the Islamic surge, but there was still great diversity. North and East African coast became growing incorporated into the Arab Muslim world, but even other parts of the continent reflected the power of Islamic thought and institutions. The Indian scientific learning was enriched by Islamic civilization. Islam also improved Indian medicine and music, for example, the Indian musical instrument and melodies were adopted by the Islamics. Another thing was that Islam promoted more equalitarian social arrangements that were new and attractive to the Indians.
Islam grew and spread rapidly east and west from Arabia to become a powerful rival to Christendon. Muhammad had to leave Mecca because his teachings angered many of its citizens. He went to Medina where he was accepted and became an important religious leader. In 622, Muhammad made a special journey to Mecca from the city of Medina which is 350 km to the north of Mecca. This journey is known in the Islamic calendar as the Hirja.