While the modernist registers a deep sense of nostalgia for an earlier age when “faith was full and authority intact” (Barry 2009), the post-modernist embraced this escape from the claustrophobia of fixed systems of belief. Post-colonialist literature on the other hand rejected universalism which was built on the assumption that the reality represented in a novel is the unquestioned norm and would be applicable to all possible forms of human interaction. The post-colonialist therefore saw the acceptance of universalism as demoting or disregarding the cultural, social, regional and national difference in experiences and outlook. Edward Said’s Orientalism played a major role in understanding the representation of colonized in relation to the colonizers. Nalo Hopkinson therefore utilizes six post-modernist characteristics which include; irony and black humour, meta-fiction and histographic meta-fiction, pastiche, temporal distortion and techno-culture as well as post-colonists characteristics such as language, culture, racism, prejudice, discrimination and ethnocentrism in Midnight Robber.
Americans yearned to break free from the narrow-mindedness of the Provincial era, and embraced this period of time to the fullest extent. The Romantic Movement emphasized emotions over reason; feelings and intuition were more prevalent than intellectual ideas or thoughts. Note how different this is from the previous period, the Age of Reason. Emotions, even passions and sexual attractions, were addressed in literature written during the Romantic Period. Writers during the Romantic Period wrote from their imaginations rather than presenting life realistically.
This movement theme was anti-art. Any Ready-made objects could be works of art, for example Marcel Duchamp drew a moustache on a reproduction print of the famous Mono Lisa. This movement mocked the public art admirers who believed art was good just because it was in a museum. In Paris in about 1922 Dada was overtaken by a world of imagination and the subconscious, Surrealism. The literary movement of surrealism gave the movement its direction experimenting with a new automatic writing (automatism) which was writing down the words that pour into one’s head, Parallel to the painters who commit to canvas the images that spring into mind.
However when it comes to the use of language, conservatives believe that it is their freedom of speech to use whatever language they want, whenever they want, and to whomever they want. Liberals on the other hand try to limit the use of language with politically correct language; used to avoid offending people of
Compare and contrast the approaches to communication and culture dealt with in Topics 2 and 3. Evaluate their respective strengths and weaknesses. The main objective of this paper is to define several terminologies to use as tools in an attempt to better understand the differences between high culture and mass society theory as well as Classical Marxism and the Frankfurt School. First off, one of the more prevailing yet selective views is that of an idealist concept of culture – that is, one that synonymous with what is perceived to be the high arts, and is seen as operating independent of societal relations. This view presupposes that culture comes from literature, philosophy and art, as clearly distinguished from natural sciences as a set of ideals that exists and operates outside and above society – this is what is commonly termed as high culture (Dearman, 2008).
Art as Redemption Upon examining The Birth of Tragedy it is apparent that Nietzsche views art in a particular way compared to his contemporaries. Nietzsche’s main focus was not to interpret “what is art”, but rather why art exists at all. This inquisitive approach for answers on the necessity of art leads Nietzsche to dissect two forms of Greek art; these being Apollonian and Dionysian art. Nietzsche holds the belief that all art is redemptive in its qualities, providing the subject who partakes in it a certain “escape” from the realities of life. He believes in the same idea that Schopenhauer had, in that life is awful and tragic with no meaning or purpose; by this I mean that life in itself is considered suffering and without purpose by both Nietzsche and Schopenhauer.
It also owed to foreign influences. The transcendentalists rejected the theory that all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses. Truth, rather, transcends the senses and can't be found just by observation. Associated traits included self-reliance, self-culture, and self-discipline. ﻌRalph Waldo Emerson- transcendentalist poet and philosopher; urged American writers to forget European traditions and write about American interests.
The title of Ginsberg's poem prepares the reader for what to expect. This will not be a mellow and quite poem, but one which will make sound, creating unsettling images and themes. Ginsberg wanted “Howl” to express the frustration, artistic energy, and self-destruction of his generation, a generation that he felt was being suppressed by a dominant American culture that valued conformity over artistic expression and opportunity. Ginsberg’s message seemed outlandish and vulgar at the time, but there was a deeper meaning hidden behind the ill-mannered words. For a poet or the individual to howl, meant that person was breaking from the habit of conformity to the virtues and ideals of American civilization while expressing a counter-cultural vision of free expression.
Aestheticism deals with the idea of art as a thing to be treasured and appreciated, not for an underlying purpose. Although it can be argued that Wilde's novel and other works, as well as many details of the way he lived his life follow those ideals, it cannot be ignored that the theme of this novel is corruption by beauty and aestheticism. When the novel opens, Basil Hallward,
The Dadaists put forward their loathing of that ideology through the medium of artistic expression. This new expression of art appeared to reject rules and logic, instead embracing irrationality and the absurd. George Grosz, who was a German artist and a prominent member of the Berlin Dada group, remembers that his Dadaist art was meant as a protest “against this world of mutual destruction”. The surrealists created a far more positive philosophy than the Dadaists, even though they both shared the same rejection of the current bourgeois values. Surrealism spun off Dadaism in 1924, when Dadaist activist Andre Breton and other sympathetic artists, could no longer do Dada because to them it lead nowhere, creating havoc.