Capital Budgeting Measurement Criteria U05a1 Carla Hagood 1. Describe the Net Present Value (NPV) method for determining a capital budgeting project's desirability. What is the acceptance benchmark when using NPV? The NPV determines the monetary increase that can be expected from an investment. It will tell if the return will be above or below the needed amount to complete a project.
ECON 1312 Homework Assignment # 2 Chapter 4 1. Why do we need a units-free measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good or service to a change in its price? Answer: To measure or to compare the demand of the two unrelated goods or services. 2. Define the price elasticity of demand and show how it is calculated.
It also shows some other possible objectives for the firm. Sales revenue maximisation, for example, occurs when marginal revenue is equal to zero, as the next unit produced would carry a negative marginal revenue and hence reduce total revenue. The point where the volume of sales of the good are maximised subject to making at least normal profit is also shown (at the point where AR=AC). An Diagram Possible objectives of the firm I Profit maximisation may become
The main focus of the company should be on the incremental cash flow because this holds a marginal benefit from the project. Depreciation is qualified as an expense: therefore, and the larger the depreciation the larger the expense. From the accounting profits point the profit would be much lower than on the free cash flow. 2. What are the incremental cash flows for the project in years 1 through 5 and how do these cash flows differ from accounting profits or earnings?
What is the project’s net present value? When attempting to finance a project, it is important to know the financial health of the company. The net present value aids with analyzing the profitability of a project. It demonstrates the difference between the present value of the cash inflows and the cash outflows (Titman, Keown, & Martin, 2011). When a negative net present value is obtained, it is a sure indicator that the firm should not continue to invest in a project.
2. Which of the following statements about valuing a firm using the APV approach is most CORRECT? a. The value of operations is calculated by discounting the horizon value, the tax shields, and the free cash flows at the cost of equity. b.
As the time horizon increases, variable costs rely less on existing factors and restrictions and therefore will begin behaving differently which will in turn affect the cost of production (Wright, 2007). The second way a firm that’s into profit maximization can decide its greatest level of output is by way of the marginal revenue -- marginal cost method. This is done by subtracting the marginal cost from the marginal revenue that a product generates. Using marginal cost and marginal revenue as the bases, profit maximization will be obtained at the point when marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. If the marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost this would be when a profit maximizing firm would need to increase production until marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost.
This determines the point in which a profit begins to be turned. c. What deficiencies does payback have as a capital budgeting decision method? d. Does payback provide any useful information regarding capital budgeting decisions? e.
Research limitations/implications – This research demonstrates that there is a significant difference in the personal and social fairness of price, whether it is a price for goods, wages or rents. Practical implications – Sellers, employers and realtors can benefit from the knowledge that providing a socially acceptable reason for the increase of a product or rental price or the decrease of a wage can increase the likelihood that the recipients will judge the price increase as being fair. Originality/value – Prior research into price fairness has confused the two aspects of a fair price. By isolating the two separate components, we clarify how individuals perceive price fairness in the personal sense and how that perception is altered by a concern for fairness in the social sense. Keywords Pricing, Consumers, Rents, Pay Paper type Research paper Introduction Price fairness is of growing interest to marketing researchers (e.g.
Opportunity cost is commonly defined as the forgone value of the next best alternative that is not chosen. This value includes the time, satisfaction and benefits; as well as monetary cost that could have been acquired in choosing the alternative. Opportunity cost has been described as expressing the basic relationship between scarcity and choice. Resources are scarce so therefore choices have to be made. How that choice is made depends on an individual carefully analyzing the opportunity cost of each available choice.