Kohlberg developed this theory from interviews with groups of young children and their responses to “moral stories”, which were then coded into Kohlberg’s stages. The first two moral stages are under the first level, which is labeled as “pre-conventional”. This level is concerned with external and concrete consequences of an act for one’s self, and moral decisions are based on egocentrism and self-interest. (Muuss, 181) Stage one is known as Heteronomous Morality, and can be ultimately described as reasoning based on either attaining a reward, or avoiding punishment, where good and the bad are defined by obeying or disobeying set authorities and rules. Stage two is called individualistic, instrumental morality.
It said how local authority should support children and their families. Part 3 of the Children Act 1989 places a duty on local authorities to promote and Safeguard the welfare of children in need in their area. The Act is underpinned by the following principles: * Paramount: this means the childs welfare is paramount in any decisions which affect them and within this their racial, cultural and linguistic needs be considered. * Parental responsibility: states that parents have a responsibility to care for their child physically, emotionally and morally. * Partnership: professionals and families must work together to ensure the welfare of the children.
2.1 Describe with examples the kinds of influences that affect children and young people’s development including, Background, Health and Environment. There are many factors that can affect and influence the good development of children and adolescents as the background, health and environment. . Background- It is important to know the characteristics of the family about the child's development such as, warmth, equal affection between parents and children, establishing a proper relationship with parents/ child. For example the background of a child affects the child in many ways.
It is important not to upset the child and cause the unnecessary disturbance. • Ethnic, linguistic and cultural backgrounds When I asses a child I must always take into account their ethnic, cultural and linguistic backgrounds as they can play the important role in how the children acts and react in particularly situations. Their understanding of the words that are used can cause different reactions. Children can have different attitudes towards various things due to their ethnical, cultural, or linguistic background. Sometimes the behavioural skills and interests that children show are dependent on their upbringing and backgrounds, since our personalities and the way we behave are deeply rooted in culture and sub-culture.
It is important that the boundaries are appropriate for the age and stage of their development. To enable children and young people to understand why there are boundaries and rules in place staff will need to explain the consequences if
Young people under the age of 18 are classed as a child. For those dealing with children and young people on a daily basis, the children’s activities must be planned to ensure learning and play is enjoyable whilst in a safe and secure environment. The ratio between staff and children must be adhered to under the act guidelines, which are issued by the Department of Education and Employment. The welfare of the child is the priority, together with their rights and wishes, therefore good communication with the child, together with all those involved in their welfare must be assured on a daily basis. Staff must be aware of how to report any concerns and follow the correct procedures.
A risk assessment may initially have been carried out to enable an individual to undertake activities which will develop their skills and confidence, as these grow the risk assessment will need to be reviewed. Failure to do this will undo all the progress that has been made as well as infringing the individuals rights. 4. Explain how useful care or support plans are in supporting person centred values in practice. A care plan is the main important tool in supporting person centred values, this can be achieved by involving the individual at every step to ensure it reflects their individuality.
Evidence for Learning Outcome 1 Understand person-centred approaches in health and social care Assessment Criteria: AC1.1 – Define person-centred values AC1.2 – Explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person-centred values Extract from Written Questioning: Written Question: ‘Define person-centred values and explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person-centred values’: Response: ‘The underlying purpose of “Person-centred values” is to ensure that the individual needing care is placed at the very centre of the decision making process about their life, the services and support they want and need. Therefore, under this strict system, the person is always placed at the very centre of the planning of the care programme required, in that he or she will always be consulted and that his or her views will always come first. Therefore the plan is tailor-made to that particular person, and it should include all aspects of care, from the Social and Health Services, from that individual’s family and from the voluntary sector. This is the current policy and it applies to those people with learning disabilities, mental health problems, and physical disabilities, to older people who need support, and to young people making their transition to adulthood… To place the person at the centre certain values must be upheld: Individuality (everyone’s differences must be recognised and respected), Choice (for individuals to be able to make own choices and be in control of own life), Privacy (information and activities must be kept confidential), Independence (empowering individuals to do activities for themselves) and dignity (be treated in a respectful way). It is vital for the social care worker to work using these precise methods to establish the needs and wishes of the individual.
Safety for communities and individuals are also to be taken into consideration because a juvenile offender is due to retunes to the society and it is important to make the individual suited for the society. Recommendation is also placed in terms of Community and system responsibility where it is the society's obligation to safeguard the welfare of children and adolescents, to support them in need, and to help them grow into healthy, productive citizens as it is essential to look after each individual from both a legal and humane
Broderick & Blewitt (2015) define social comparison as comparing someone else’s abilities with their own, and this is a common practice during middle childhood and early adolescence. Middle childhood is when self-esteem is developed and these social comparisons can influence childhood self-esteem and an adolescent’s identity status (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). Eccles (1999) classifies these stages of development as being socially dramatic due to the individual wanting to fit in somewhere. Social rejection from peers can influence the development with negative behaviors and feelings