Kohlberg developed this theory from interviews with groups of young children and their responses to “moral stories”, which were then coded into Kohlberg’s stages. The first two moral stages are under the first level, which is labeled as “pre-conventional”. This level is concerned with external and concrete consequences of an act for one’s self, and moral decisions are based on egocentrism and self-interest. (Muuss, 181) Stage one is known as Heteronomous Morality, and can be ultimately described as reasoning based on either attaining a reward, or avoiding punishment, where good and the bad are defined by obeying or disobeying set authorities and rules. Stage two is called individualistic, instrumental morality.
Outline and evaluate one psychological explanation of media influences on pro-social behaviour One psychological explanation of media influences on pro-social behaviour is parental mediation. Singer suggested that parents can enhance children’s understanding by watching pro-social programmes with their children and discussing the moral content and reinforcing the pro-social message. By adults explaining the message to their children it enables them to understand much easier and they can take it on board. Morals in pro-social programmes tend to be harder to understand than anti-social behaviour. Age is an important factor for understanding pro-social behaviour.
First is the idea that people can learn through observation. Next is the idea that internal mental states are an essential part of this process. Finally, this theory recognizes that just because something has been learned, it does not mean that it will result in a change in behaviour. Piaget – Cognitive Development He became intrigued with the reasons children gave for their wrong answers on
Furthermore, item A also says, "sociologists see the education system as performing a vital role in modern societies." One functionalist called Durkheim holds this view; he believes in social solidarity and specialist skills. Durkheim argues that society needs a sense of solidarity so that it's individual members feel themselves to be part of a single community. He argues that without social solidarity, social life and cooperation would be impossible because each individual would pursue their own selfish desires. The education system helps to create social solidarity by transmitting society's culture from one generation to the next.
I have chosen to compare and contrast John Dewey and Nel Noddings views on their educational goals, a social justice curriculum, liberation education, issues of standardized testing and the effects on students and teachers. Dewey’s main educational goal is that education should have two sides: social and psychological. His evaluations are based on how the child interacts with society and how he/she contributes to the good of society. Dewey was the first one to say we need to look at the students to decide how to teach, a modern-day form of ‘differentiation’. He believed that all students should have the opportunity to take part in their own learning.
It is important not to upset the child and cause the unnecessary disturbance. • Ethnic, linguistic and cultural backgrounds When I asses a child I must always take into account their ethnic, cultural and linguistic backgrounds as they can play the important role in how the children acts and react in particularly situations. Their understanding of the words that are used can cause different reactions. Children can have different attitudes towards various things due to their ethnical, cultural, or linguistic background. Sometimes the behavioural skills and interests that children show are dependent on their upbringing and backgrounds, since our personalities and the way we behave are deeply rooted in culture and sub-culture.
It demonstrates the effect that discipline and parenting styles can have on a child. Social Learning Theory recognises children as being more engaged in their leaning and stresses the importance of role models, stating that children can learn by simply observing others. Constructivism somewhat downplays the role of social experiences in favour of biological influences and suggests that children are independent agents of their own learning, not overly influenced by parents and teachers. Finally, Social Constructivism argues that the key to learning and development lies in the social interaction with peer groups, rather than merely observing others. Behaviourists believe that the environment in which a
Piaget’s theory of learning is sometimes referred to as a constructivist approach because he suggested that children constructed or built their thoughts according to their experiences of the world around them. Piaget used the term ‘schema’ to refer to a child’s conclusions or thoughts. He felt that learning was an ongoing process, with children needing to adapt. Piaget’s belief that children develop schemas based on their direct experiences can help us to understand why young children’s thinking is sometimes different from ours. Piaget also suggested that, as children develop so does their thinking.
Relativism is the idea that one’s beliefs and values are understood of one’s society culture or even one’s own individual values (Mosser, 2010). With that being said everyday a person from a culture conducts some kind of moral choice. That moral choice that he or she chooses may be viewed as right or wrong by other cultures. In the article, “Some Moral Minima” by Lenn E. Goodman there are views of four different aspects of morality and relativism and Goodman argues that certain things are just wrong. I will explore the challenges Goodman presents to relativism and provide my own thoughts on such universal moral requirements.
Period 2 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg came up with a theory about the development of children’s moral reasoning. In his theory, there are three levels and six stages of moral development. What children do to a certain extent for his or hers life is based upon their actions. Kohlberg classified these reasons according to levels of moral development. Kohlberg is a stage theorist.