Mongol Rule in China vs. Russia Due to the Mongols ultimate desire for economic power, the Mongols highly affected both Russia and China in both political and economic aspects. When the Mongols invaded both territories, they destroyed a lot and the key differences and similarities come from how it became reconstructed. Many similarities in politics and economics arose such as the way the facilitated trade, and how their economies dropped. However, many differences occurred like the way they ran the governments, their centers of power, and how the Mongols fell from both states. In many ways, both states were extremely similar in the way Mongols ruled them.
How far do you agree that communists and Tsars ruled Russia in the same way? The February Revolution of 1917 that brought down the Tsarist regime and led to the ascension of the Provisional Government, had much potential to bring about significant change from the autocratic regime of the Tsars. However, the totalitarian government of the communists seized power in the October Revolution and continued to maintain many aspects of Tsarist rule including the top-down approach to rule, their ideology in policy making and their repressive methods. Although the communists and Tsars appeared to rule differently in their theory, in practice their methods were to a very large extent the same. The top-down approach the rulers of Russia had in the period 1855-1964 were superficially different as the communists claimed to represent the people by giving power to the proletariat where as the Tsars were heavily elitist in their ideology.
In the beginning, all the empire was united under Chinggis Khan and had effectively ruled. Golden Horde and Yuan dynasty differed greatly in their methods of political power because they were directly influenced by the Confucianism or Islam. This led to diverse method of political control as Islamic teachings taught that Another big change from 1200 to 1500 CE was placement of the scholars in the empire. All the famous scholars were collected from conquered nations and brought to Mongol. However, as the empire split into four the scholars were split to different nations and culture which effectively affected the method of political power because Golden Horde was severely influenced by the Islamic teachings and the Khan of Golden Horde was converted to Islam.
Russia made its changes after the Cremean War. Russia not only lost, but it lost to the “inferior” Ottomans, who were bunched together by European powers with rifles, cannons, and heavy artillery. Russia knew that it couldn’t win any fights without building its own industry. Japan underwent its miracle after seeing the occupation if China by foreign powers. Not one to concede, Japan banned all foreigners aside for the Dutch, and decided to build its own military and become the empire of the east.
Mongol conquest in both Middle East and China encouraged the long-distance trade routes of Eurasia while also leading to the creation of one of the worst pandemics in history. While Mongol Rule was similar in China and the Middle East, the Mongols in China were much more tolerant of other religions than the Mongols in the Middle East who had everyone converted to Islam by force. The conquered peoples of China possessed many religions such as Buddhism, Confucianism, and others. These Chinese religions were tolerated much better by the Mongols, than the religions of the Middle East. The conflict between Mongol and Muslim beliefs is illustrated by the fate of the last Abbasid caliph when Hulegu’s troops stormed Baghdad is 1258.
The Mongols ruled China from a period in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and controlled Russia from the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. While the Mongols had similar political and economic effects in China and Russia, they were more heavy-handed while controlling China than they were controlling Russia. The Mongols’ influence in China and Russia included many political effects, including changes in power, destroying cities and forms of government rule, replacing them with new governing systems. In China, the Khans became more powerful, while in Russia, the Czars emerged as the dominant rulers. Also in Russia, the Mongols formed an alliance with the Orthodox Church, consequently giving more political power to the church.
Rome and Han China Rome and Han China were separated by thousands of miles which made them develop independently of each other, but they both managed to flourish at the same time. These Empires have impacted the world around them with their differences in technological developments, other differences they had can be seen through individual economic status and government ideas. A specific example could be the idea of choosing emperors in Rome based on republic ideas versus China which had emperors based on the Mandate of Heaven. While these empires had differences, they also had similarities some examples being agriculture as a main source of income, militaristic views, new religion developments, and patriarchal family structures. Having aggressive neighbors although being so far apart was one similarity in Han and Rome because in order to protect themselves from them they needed a strong military and also needed to build protecting walls.
14 Mongol Domination in Eastern Eurasia Mongol Conquest * Khubilai declared himself Great Khan after Ogodeis death * Jagai did not accept him-> destroyed Karakorum (old capital) * Made new Capital at Bejing and set up Yuan Empire * Yuan * To unify china had to fight people * Destroyed Southern Song and then Annam and then invaded Champa * Tried getting Java -> Unsuccessful The Yuan Empire * Khubilai Khan * Made China Like him by Confucianism giving his son a Chinese name, etc * Focuse Laws around Confucian Thoughts * Made Beijing Capital * Strategic point for trade (routes protected by imperial gaurds * Reunited China * Mongols did not copy old Chinese gov style * Taxing -> tax farming * Brought Persians, Arabs, Uigurs and Turkic people to be administrators * Increased trade * Tried to use paper money to help economic issues. Increase in copper coins * Mandarin becomes official lang under mongols * Legal status – Determined by when you were conquered 1. Mongols – Warrors 2. Central Asians and Middle Eastern – Political Functions 3. North Chinese – 2nd to last to be
After the Chinese denied, the British declared the second opium war by attacking the ports in Tianjin and Guangzhou. After the war they were granted what they were looking for, and under the Most-Favored-Nation clause, Russia, France and the U. S. were also granted this added benefits by force. They later signed treaties in Tianjin in quick succession. These events cleared a path to the opening of China since they realized to give in to the bigger powers or they would face dire consequences like the opium wars. This is until the Chinese became the power it is today in which they could be in the position to do the
In China and the Middle East, politically Mongol rule effected who did the governing, and Mongol rule at first disrupted economies before facilitating trade on a large scale, and effected whether or not they converted to the Mongol-style nomadic economy. In China, the Mongols didn't trust the Chinese, so they got a lot of foreign peoples to come and do the governing. The great khans also dismantled the Chinese traditional Confucian way of government. In Persia, the situation was very different; the Mongols took the highest positions of government, but still gave the lower government positions to Persians. The Mongols didn't dismantle the Persian government; instead they used it to their own advantage.