While rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviours by watching other people. Known as observational learning, this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviours. Basic Social Learning Concepts There are three core concepts at the heart of social learning theory. First is the idea that people can learn through observation.
In psychology people such as Freud, Maslow and Rogers play an important role in understanding the self, whereas society can be explained by sociological figures such as Durkheim in sociology. The psychologist, Freud’s theory of personality suggests that our personality is structured by the interactions of our id, superego and ego. The id being our pleasure principle; it is the selfish part of our self and causes us to desire things such as food and sex. It is an unconscious part of our personality and present from birth. The superego is our morality principle which we develop from three to six years old, it helps us to define the difference between right and wrong and Freud suggested that it is often in conflict with the id.
Methods of micro sociology include symbolic interactionism, phenomenology and ethnomethodology. However there is opposing argument as macro sociologists think the opposite as although they concentrate on individuals as well they also look at families and other larger groups in society in which an individual is part of. Weber a social action theorist believes people hold meanings about the world and consciously act on the basis of meaning. He saw behaviour in terms of the meanings people action to actions and classified them into four types. Instrumentally rational action is when a goal is not desirable but an induvidual still works out the best way to reach it.
Simmel was interested in revealing the universal characteristics present in all social relationships, whether in an office, a family or a bus queue. Similarly historical studies of the social structure of the Roman Empire may have little relevance to today’s social problems. On the other hand, may sociologists are interested in solving social problems through their research. For example, sociologists who feel strongly about poverty or about inequalities in educational achievement have conducted research aimed at discovering solutions to the social problems. Many are employed directly by the government departments such as the Home Office or the Department for Children,
Antisocial Personality is a term used to describe individuals and whose behavior pattern brings them repeatedly into conflict with society. (Schmalleger,220) 3. Sublimation is the psychological process whereby one aspect of consciousness comes to be symbolically substituted for another. (Schmalleger,225) 4. Modeling Theory is a form of social learning theory that asserts that people learn how to act by observing others.
Bruce Tuckman(1965) however proposed a four staged model for a group. It is known as ' Tuckmans Stages. It states that the ideal group making process occurs in four stages. The first stage he called FORMING which is pretending to get on or to get on with others. It's is where the group gets to know each other,exchange personal information and also make new
Compare and contrast the notions of contradiction in these two theories. 2) How does Mead's concept of the self in Symbolic Interaction Theory relate to an understanding of self in Relational Dialectics Theory? 3) Expectancy Violations Theory is primarily concerned with our expectations for other people's behavior, whereas Cognitive Dissonance Theory is concerned with our desire for consistency in attitudes and behavior. Show the relationship between the two theories using expectations, attitudes, and behavior as your overarching principles. 4) Discuss how the principles of Social Penetration Theory (SPT) and Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT) overlap.
Therefore these styles remain with us into adulthood effecting how we make and maintain relationships. Bowlby dedicated wide-ranging research to the concept of Attachment describing it as a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings” (Bowlby, 1969, 194). He believed that attachment had an evolutionary element, is hard wired and instinctual: “The propensity to make strong emotional bonds to particular individuals [is] a basic component of human nature" (Bowlby, 1988, 3). Bowlby believed that there are four distinguishing characteristics of attachment: 1. Proximity Maintenance - The
Prejudice can be defined as being an attitude, such as dislike towards a given minority. The following essay aims to outline and evaluate research studies into prejudice. A piece of research done by Sigall and Page (1971, cited in Baron and Byrne, 2003, pg 203) looked at an approach known as the ‘bogus pipeline’. The aim of this research was to look at social pressure and whether attitudes towards minority groups are indeed affected by this. Prejudice is mostly assessed through self- report questionnaires, responses to questionnaires are influenced by social desirability Bias, which is the tendency to give socially approved answers, (Eyesnck, 2000).
Social Psychology Definition Danielle Shank PSY/400 November 25, 2013 Ami Taharka Social Psychology Definition With a combination of social interaction concepts, social psychology can be found in the center of psychology, physiology, sociology, and evolutionary theory within areas that are uncultivated in social sciences. When it comes to understanding everything between the human mating practices and the length of the human index finger biology is used and for social organization and structure there is sociology. However, it takes social psychology to truly understand the social, psychological, and biological levels on how people interact, affect, and think about other people (Myers, 2010). For an example, think of a violin