Madness in Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea

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Rhys explores the schizoid state more deeply in her middle novels. In her most recent novel, however, she elevates to an explicit theme the schizoid self perceptions that emerge in women's conscious-ness. Madness is the issue in Wide Sargasso Sea, Rhys's retelling of Bertha Antoinette Rochester's transformation from West Indian beauty and heiress to mad wife in the attic. The choice to make a heroine of Antoinette, who in Jane Eyre serves only as an obstacle to a desired marriage, is a loaded one, a reminder that behind the tale of female strength triumphant lies the parallel tale of female fragmen-tation. Antoinette becomes representative of women's disintegra-tion, as Jane has been of their successful integration. Rhys endows Antoinette with symbolic resonance by focusing on her conflict with Rochester and by changing both characters from their Brontean prototypes. Antoinette's madness may be overdetermined, but the component that derives from her relationship to Rochester is dramatized as part of an archetypal confrontation. This confrontation, on the one hand, is a quintessential version of the male-female relationships Rhys has portrayed. Rochester, who like most of Rhys's men shares Mr. Mackenzie's belief that "The secret of life was never to go too far or too deep" (p. 26), cannot tolerate emotional complexity in Antoinette and demands she fit his image of the proper English girl, which he constructs in part by changing her name to Bertha. Antoinette, like Rhys's other heroines, is necessarily split between the image thrust on her and her own knowledge of herself: "Names matter, like when he wouldn't call me Antoinette, and I saw Antoinette drifting out of the window with her scents, her pretty clothes and her looking-glass."22 Her "real" self denied, Antoinette lapses into wooden lifelessness, becoming the "marionette" that epitomizes the final state of

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