Taylor argues that it is not the weight of the openness that defines our moral selves or the moral dilemmas we face, but the fact that various choices necessarily blind and pull us in different directions. Sartre’s example of an individual faced with joining the
In other words, they answer the question What drives behaviour? It is important to remember that the following are theories, none of which have been conclusively shown to be valid. Nonetheless, they are helpful in providing a contextual framework for dealing with individuals Process theory is a commonly used form of scientific research study in which events or occurrences are said to be the result of certain input states leading to a certain outcome (output) state, following a set process. Another theory that attempts to explain human behavior is Content theory. Process theory holds that if an outcome is to be duplicated, so too must the process which originally created it, and that there are certain constant necessary conditions for the outcome to be reached.
The ultimate goal does not matter, the important factor is the impact that achieving the goal will have on the individual. An individual’s opinion is formed by a combination of three factors which Vroom categorized as follows: * Expectancy * Valance * Instrumentality Expectancy The first factor is expectancy. This refers to the belief that you have the ability, resources, knowledge, etc. to actually perform the action and achieve the expected outcome. An example of this would be the belief that by working harder or more efficiently, that you would end up producing more.
Innate knowledge is a view (that rationalists share) that claims that humans are born with information about the world which isn’t learned through sense experience, we gain this knowledge a priori. Empiricists (like John Locke) say that innate knowledge and ideas do not exist, when we are born the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) and we gain knowledge and Ideas through sense experience and if we have no experience of the world therefore it is impossible for us to possess any knowledge. Kant argues that we need innate knowledge and sense experience. Kant was a transcendental idealist. He was an idealist in the sense that we are aware of the real world and a transcendent because he thought that ultimate reality goes beyond our sense experience.
In a ‘purer’ form, there are philosophical questions of free will and determinism. In a historical context, 'The philosophical problem of freedom and determinism is in reality a cluster of problems with different sources' (Dillman 1999). Linguistic determinism means that a person's language affects how they understand the world. In understanding this concept, I do not believe one needs language to understand the world, but one needs language to share the understanding. Linguistic relativity means the way a
The origins of the self though do not lie solely within psychology, but within the Westernised philosophy from which the discipline emerged (Hayes, 2000). ‘The self’ with which we familiarise ourselves today stems from a Cartesian perspective. However, what if the foundations of psychologies key aspect are incorrect? And what if Renee Descartes, the proponent of the Cartesian self, or cogito, is wrong in his conclusions? This essay shall be based around these issues.
In other words, truth is an illusion. Similarly ethics and morality are social constructs. In other words, faith becomes more important than science or logic. The central tenets of Postmodernism includes elevation of text and language as a fundamental phenomena of existence, questioning of reality as represented because of inherent flaws in language, and a general critique of western institutions and knowledge (Kuznar, 2008). It is evident that there is a fundamental tension between the two world views.
How do we know things? There are different ways of knowing; through emotions, feelings, sense perceptions etc. We use logic, deduction, and induction, to reach conclusions we think are true. Conclusions reached in this way are considered more certain than sense perceptions on their own. In the other hand, if such reasoned conclusions are only built originally upon a organization of sense perceptions, then the arguments what are being considered.
Furthermore, how an entity is studied to be relevant within a structures’ entirety, such that how the connotations of an object change the appearance or meaning of the piece of a whole, not just the singular article. Intrinsically, the denotation if the visual, furthered by the connotation of what values, notions and ideologies are represented and expressed within the way in which it is represented. Symbolism, as expressed within the Symbolist manifesto is to metaphorically represent absolute truths. Jean Moréas alluded to an art in which all concrete phenomena cannot manifest themselves; but are sensible appearances to
These theories are motivated by diverse concerns and proposed accounts so different from each other that one wonder if they seek to explain the same phenomenon. Coherence theory The coherence theory of truth states that a statement is considered true if it is logically consistent with other beliefs. This is basically saying that a belief is false if it contradicts other beliefs that are held to be true. The coherence theories in general, states that truth requires a proper fit of elements within a whole system. Very often, though, coherence is taken to imply something more than simple logical consistency; often there is a demand that the propositions in a coherent system lend mutual inferential support to each other.