All lenses have a principal axis which is a line which passes through the middle of the lens. The focal points of all lenses are in front and behind the lens and are where the light rays initially parallel to the principal axis meet. This directly affects the focal length. Factors the affect focal length | How it affects focal length | Thickness | The thicker the lens is the more the light will be refracted creating a shorter focal length. | Medium | Light travels at different speeds in different mediums, as they can be more or less dense.
The factors that affect the alignment and/or mating of the optical fibers are referred to as extrinsic factors. The third is Core diameter mismatch which occurs when there is a difference in the core diameters of the two optical fibers. A core diameter mismatch loss results when the core diameter of the transmitting optical fiber is greater than the core diameter of the receiving optical fiber. A loss occurs when light at the outer edge of the transmitting optical fiber core falls outside the diameter of the receiving optical fiber core. This light is lost in the cladding of the receiving optical fiber.
If the light ray hits the boundary of the new medium (for example the edge of a glass block) at any angle which is not perpendicular to or parallel with the boundary, the light ray will change its direction through the next medium, or appear to `bend'. This is called refraction of light. It is important to note that while the speed of the light changes when it passes into the new medium, the frequency of the light remains the same. Definition 1: Refraction Refraction occurs at the boundary of two media when light travels from one medium into the other and its speed changes but its frequency remains the same. If the light ray hits the boundary at an angle which is not perpendicular to or parallel to the surface, then it will change direction and appear to `bend'.
We can now explore the more complicated scenario of light traveling from one medium to another. Below is a diagram showing the path that the light travels. Here we know that the light is traveling from the initial point to the final but we are trying to find the x value (where it crosses the two mediums) that minimizes the time taken. If we look at this diagram it is clear that in general the total time that the beam travels to get from point x1,y1to point x2,y2 is: Tx=x-x12+y12v1+x2-x2+y12v2 If we consider Fermat’s principle of least time to be true then the true time taken is that for which the function is a minimum. To find this we take the derivative of T(x) and set it equal to zero.
I should wear Personal Protective equipment, (PPE) gloves, masks, lab coats and safety goggles. I should not have any loose clothing or hair. I will keep my area clean and free of unused chemicals and equipment. I will properly dispose of all supplies and containers. Use proper ventilation while performing my labs.
Specular vs. Diffuse Reflection - in diffuse, waves are reflected in many different ways form a rough surface - in specular, waves are reflected in the same direction from a smooth surface REFRACTION (light) - when one medium ends and another begins, that is called boundary - when a wave encounters a boundary that is denser, part of it is reflected and a part of it is transmitted - the frequency of the wave is not altered when crossing the boundary / barrier but the speed and wavelength are - the change in speed and wavelength can cause the wave to bend if it hits the boundary at an angle other than 90 degrees - this bending as light enters the water can cause objects under water to appear at a different location than they actually are REFRACTION (sound) - sound waves bend when passing into cooler / warmer air because the speed of sound depends in the temperature of the air - sound travels slower in cooler air REFRACTION (water) - water waves bend when they pass from deep water into shallow water, the wavelength shortens and they slow down. DIFFRACTION - involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through
If you're going in a specific direction, you will always go in that direction unless something happens to you. 2. “The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.” The second law shows that if you apply the same amount of force on two objects which have different masses, you will get different accelerations. The bigger the mass of an object, the less effect the force applied has on it.
For each respective frequency of light, the cutoff voltage was recorded. The intensity of the light remained constant. With the data collected, and approximate straight line graph could made, plotting frequency against the stopping voltage (Vs-f). The x intercept on the graph is the threshold frequency, or the minimum required
is biased, so we could make incorrect conclusions about model fit Detecting Heteroskedasticity: 1. Plot the regression residuals/errors, the “ehats,” or the squared residuals, the "ehats-squared", against the X variables (you should plot the residuals against each X variable separately to check which of the X variables might be a source of Heteroskedasticity). a. If Heteroskedasticity is not present, the variation in the ehats around (above and below) zero will be the same for all values of X. Figures 1a and 1b below are examples of residual plots when Heteroskedasticity is NOT present.
Resistance Properties of a Light bulb What is a light bulb, and how does it work anyway? An Incandescent bulb, more commonly referred to as a light bulb is a device that pushes electricity through a filament located at the top of the bulb. By doing this, the filament produce two forms of energy; heat and light energy. In this case heat is the waste product and is no use to the user of the bulb, they just want the light energy produced inside the filament. In nearly all bulbs now, the filament is protected from oxidation with the outside by filling the bulb with different gasses or just by causing a vacuum inside the area around the filament.