Structuralism was developed by a man named Edward Titchener who was a student of Wilhem Wundt. Titchener was extremely interested in learning about the structure of the consciousness. He believed in the use of experimentation for the science of psychology (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). The second school of thought, functionalism, along with structuralism was the two schools of thought which were dominant in the beginning of psychology (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). Functionalism studied the psychological processes which enable individuals to be able to adapt to their environments; each psychological process has an important role which is their main point of focus.
Explain how Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner contributed to the study of learning and conditioning. To understand the relationship that classical and operant condition has you must first understand what they are to see how they work together. Classical conditioning is the processes that take creating an association between what is going on within ones environment. This includes items that are found naturally as stimulus and something that can be considered neutral. The most famous example of this is thanks to Ivan Pavlov.
Operant conditioning is based on the research that skinner carried out. Operant conditioning is when an individual is directly rewarded in some way, so they repeat this behaviour. If they are punished for behaviour, then they would be less likely to repeat it. All individuals are aware that their behaviours lead to a consequence. SOCIAL LEARNING Social learning believes that we learn our behaviour from the people around us.
Social Psychology Definition Paper Jessica Garcia PSY/400 Social Psychology October 28, 2013 Christine Hander Social Psychology Definition Paper Psychology is the scientific study of behavior, both human and animal behavior, with special interest in mental events involved in learning, thinking, and memory just to name a few (Psychology, 2006). Psychology consists of many subfields with a base of different schools of thought. To make these subfields science there are a few key ingredients needed; theory, research, and results. Each field has special interest on understanding,
This paper will assess the relevance of any three key ideas of social learning theory to teaching and learning which are observational learning, imitation, and modeling 1. Observational Learning According to Bandura (1997) social learning theory is the learning process whereby people retain behavior patterns from observing others, and the person is enabled to pass on these patterns of behaviour to others. This theory emphasizes on the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. He states that learning would be exceedingly difficult and hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling; from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for future actions.
On the other hand, cognitivists believe that by reflecting on our own experiences, we construct our own understanding of the world. Though theses two schools of psychology are very much different, they do have their similarities. Behaviorism and cognitivism are similar in that they both attempt to explain and describe how learning occurs in individuals. Both are also valuable learning theories. They observe the response individuals make to different situations or different conditions.
Learning and Cognition PSY 390 Learning and Cognition Learning is a complex subject to define. It is one of the cognitive processes that have been studied by psychologists extensively. To define learning it is important to look at many events that occur when learning as well as the outcome after they are learned. For the most part, witnessing a change in behavior is the foundation to studying cognitive processes. It is no different when examining learning we find as individuals learn they show a change in behavior.
Operant Conditioning PSY/390 Operant Conditioning Psychology has always focused in human's behavior and learning patterns. Over the years, many psychologists have come up with many theories as to why people have different reactions to any situations. Through studies' psychologists realized that there are different kinds of learning methods that describe changes in behavior resulting from experience referred to as conditioning (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). Conditioning is used to describe the actual strategy used to determine a desired action. Conditioning is structure of many parts, some of the most important ones been operant conditioning, positive and negative reinforcement, and reinforcement schedule.
The Cognitive Learning Theory explains why the brain is the most incredible network of information processing and interpretation in the body as we learn things. This theory can be divided into two specific theories: the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), and the Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT). When we say the word “learning”, we usually mean “to think using the brain”. This basic concept of learning is the main viewpoint in the Cognitive Learning Theory (CLT). The theory has been used to explain mental processes as they are influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, which eventually bring about learning in an individual.
These students who use motivational beliefs also utilize more self regulation learning skills (Schunk & Zimmerman, 1997). The performance of these students ultimately results in their performance that would otherwise be considered less adaptive through their counterparts (Schunk & Zimmerman, 1997). Schunk and Zimmerman (1997) reported that the social cognitive theory of self regulation is extremely useful in finding how students are able to succeed throughout their education. According to Schunk and Zimmerman (1997), “the social cognitive models distinguish themselves from a purely cognitive theory and they focuses on the interrelationship among learners... their beliefs use self generated learning strategies” (Schunk & Zimmerman, 1997). The social cognitive model is one that is places emphasis on explaining how the individual’s personal behaviors and beliefs are influenced by the individuals learning environment (Schunk & Zimmerman, 1997).