The quality of the disclosure is certified by the audit committee and the Company’s outside auditors. The certification required under Section 302 is a change under the Security and Exchange Commission. The certification required under section 906 is an amendment to the U.S. Criminal Code. The overlap of certifications increases the penalty for inaccurate disclosure and/or failure to disclose the required information (Deming, 2006). Sarbanes-Oxley Act is designed to make all personnel accountable for their action or inactions.
The key provisions will be identified along with their meanings to both governmental agencies and the average citizen. Section 203 (b) and (d) information sharing: allows information from criminal probes to be shared with intelligence agencies and other parts of the government. These provisions are at the heart of the effort to break down the barriers that used to separate criminal and intelligence investigations. The United States Justice Department has frequently blamed these barriers for the failure to find and detain September 11th hijackers prior to the attacks. CIA agents had information significantly prior to the attacks that some of the hijackers were in the United States and were suspected terrorists, but the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) claims they did not receive the information until August
5 Summary Pg. 6 Bibliography Pg.7 EARLY HISTORY We all have seen the letters FBI, the powerful sound of these three letters. The Federal Bureau of Investigations also known as the FBI. Founded by Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte in 1908 in response to then President Theodore Roosevelt’s need to deal with “land thieves”(1) They gathered a group of investigators within the Department of Justice, during World War I. Originally named The Bureau of Investigation on March 16, 1909 by Attorney General George Wickersham.
Chapter 4 Essay What is evidence-based policing? What potential does it hold for managing police organization in the future? In 1968 Omnibus crime control and safe streets act was passed. The U.S. Congress created the “law enforcement assistance administration LEAA”. The law enforcement of the 10 administration was charged with rectifying crime through huge amount of money in supporting of crime prevention and crime reduction programs.
(pg10 ch1) The first person to apply the principals of forensic science was Edmond Locard, he began in the attic of the Lyons police department. Several years later he became the founder and director of the Institute of Criminalistic at the University of Lyons, this the quickly developed into a leading international place for forensic science. (pg11ch1) This principal is that when two object come in contact with each other there is cross contamination. He believed that when there is something carried from a crime scene the criminal can be connected to the crime. (pg 11 ch 1) The instrument that Dr. Walter C. McCrone used was the Microscope.
Also this paper will identify the principle role and functions of police organizations, their roles as it applies to the law, and also identify the major organizational theories associated with policing. To begin the United States has just about 18,000 law enforcement agencies. This number of agencies includes 12,646 local police, 3,061 sheriff’s departments, 49 state police agencies, 1,376 special police agencies, and 45 federal agencies (Schmalleger, 2009) The first type of agency is the federal agencies. Federal agencies are United States government agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) which are empowered by congress and whose primary responsibility is to enforce federal criminal laws. The second type of agency would be state agencies whose responsibilities is to assist local law enforcement agencies with their criminal investigations, operate centralized identification bureaus, maintain criminal records, patrol state highways, and provide training for both county and municipal officers.
With increasing instances of police brutality, the public was coming to view police officers as adversaries to be looked upon with suspicion and loathing, rather than as trusted friends and partners in keeping the community safe. When the public looks upon its police officers in this manner, it is actually more difficult for those police officers to do their jobs, as the public will not be very forthcoming with information about crimes being committed in the area and will be reluctant to contact the police at all when problems arise, as they will feel that the police will not care enough to handle the situation well. Of course, those who oppose community-oriented policing say that such programs have made the police too soft to properly carry out their duties (Fielding, 1995). However, in communities where community-oriented policing has gone into effect, the results have been resoundingly positive and the reactions of the public have been genuinely good; there is almost a sense of people being relieved to have police officers in their communities whom they can consider
Many employers are hesitant or unwilling to hire ex-convicts and parolees, because of their criminal background. Most employers ask applicants if they have ever been arrested if they answer yes then the applicant more often than not does not get the job. Another factor contributing to this problem are communities without alternative programming for at risk youth, and that does have a tendency to produce a high rate of recidivism. It begins with unemployment challenges, which is one of the major challenges that x- inmates experience when applying for a job. Many employers are hesitant and unwilling to hire ex-convicts and parolees, because of their criminal background.
Historical Development of Policing Ever wondered what living in a rural area without police protection or without any aid to support wrongful decisions? Ever thought what could happen if you were wrongfully arrested and thrown in jail without proper knowledge of your rights? Society today is conditioned to know that all police seek to preserve the public favor, not by catering to public opinion, but by demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law. (JUS 104 Lecture 3) Without proper guidance and training, police officials would be competing with tirades of public humiliation along with unsettling disputes of domestic abuse, public intoxication, and animal cruelty to name a few. Policing began in 1892 in Europe with watchmen to patrol and protect the public against fires, public disturbances, and theft.
This can sometimes lead to police brutality, and conflicts within police officers in each department. Suspicion just depends how you define it. A police officer that is overly suspicious can make many mistakes, as he has major trust issues. It can prevent him or her from making rational moves or decisions. This can also be ties into insecurity as well.