Henry VIII vs. John Calvin in the Protestant Reformation In the sixteenth century, stood the reformation of the Catholic Church in Western Europe. While the main focus was an internal renovation of the church, the outcome was much different than expected; the reformation led to a revolt against and an abandonment of principal Christian belief. The difference in the view and act of oneself was different from individual to individual during the reformation. While Calvin left for Geneva in 1536 from France because of the fear of persecution for the publically spread beliefs of his about the Church to the people, Henry VIII had manipulated the church for a way to receive a new wife in hopes for his first son. Different motivation stands for each of these people in what they did for the reformation.
He believed that the Catholic church was corrupt for selling indulgences as penance for sins in that the sale was a way for the Church to exploit the unfortunate and poor (Reformation 5). The final push for the need to change was the English reformation. During King Henry VIII’s rule in the sixteenth century, the Church of England was formed. He established the church because the Pope of the Catholic Church would not grant him a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon. The Anglican church had many similarities to the Catholic church: similar rituals and a bible titled the Book of Common Prayere (Reformation 9).
This is when the authority of the Roman Catholic Church led by the pope was rejected by those known as Protestants. Henry had imposed his own version on Protestantism where the English monarch became the head of the English church. Edward VI continued the reformation in England as to convert to a purer form of Protestantism. Under the guidance of his protestant council such as Thomas Crammer, Edward reshaped the face of the English church. However on his death, Catholicism returned to England in the form of Mary I.
Many people went to the bishops as their masters, and took orders from the pope, and not the king. In time, Germany peasants are inspired by the reformation, and seek to end serfdom. Several princes side up with Luther, who became identified as Protestants. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg was established that stated each prince can decide religion of his state. Later on England parliament passes the Act of Supremacy ending the pope’s power.
As a result of the Stamp Act the sons and daughters of liberty were formed; they led resistance efforts to end the Stamp Act. The Stamp Act Congress, which aimed to prove to Britain that the colonists had a right to representation, also formed. The efforts of these organizations as well as boycotts by many colonists led to the repeal of the Stamp Act. At the same time the Stamp Act was repealed, the Declaratory Act, which gave Britain more control of colonial law, was passed. Shortly afterwards followed the Townshend Acts, which placed taxes on glass, paper, paint and tea.
Henry VIII is often remembered as the English monarch who broke with the Roman Church. However, Henry was only attracted to Protestant doctrine in a limited way, as the years 1530-1547 demonstrate. Between the years 1530-1534, Henry tried to secure the Pope's permission to divorce Catherine of Aragon, by threatening first the English clergy and then the Pope's powers in England. When the Pope still did not grant the divorce, Henry undertook the most extreme of measures, claiming jurisdiction over the English Church for himself. The Act of Royal Supremacy of 1534 stated that the Crown was reclaiming powers that it had always possessed; powers that Rome had usurped during the previous four hundred years - a fact which Henry and his advisors firmly believed.
In 1520, the Pope excommunicated with Martin Luther. Luther responded by burning the papal decree in front of his students. In 1521, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V put Luther on trial, and was declared as an outlaw. Luther went into exile, living at Wartburg Castle, home to Prince Frederick the Wise, of Saxony. Martin Luther’s message held great appeal for various groups, even those of whom had less than spiritual
Tyler Gilbert 10/20/14 Dr. Nardi AP Euro What were the responses of the Catholic authorities in the sixteenth century to the challenges posed by the Lutheran Reformation? Protestantism was a religion introduced to Europe 1517 by a man named Martin Luther when he published his book The Ninety-Five Theses, and nailed them to every door. As time went on, a schism occurred in which the Roman Catholic Church was split between both the Catholics and the Protestants. The Reformation occurred due to Luther’s disbeliefs of the Church’s current beliefs, one being the selling of indulgences, and other corrupt ideas such as nepotism and simony. With Protestantism growing ever since introduced, and many challenges against the church, the Catholic authorities responded in different ways in order to keep Protestantism from growing and correcting it of its mistakes at the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
In William Bradford’s essay “Of Plymouth Plantation” he describes the hardship the puritan faced under King James I of England where he started to change things in Protestantism and attacking people who disagreed with him. (133) Fearing the religious persecution William Bradford and other separatists moved to Holland to have more religious freedom. They started following the teaching of John Calvin and calling themselves Puritan separating themselves from the main church of england. When they came over on the mayflower to set up the early colonies there was a lot suffering and death. There was sickness and hunger and most of people’s children die before they reach adulthood.
French Neoclassicism The French Neo-classical era started in about 1550 and came to a close in 1715 with the death of Louis XIV (Howarth 220). “Neoclassicism emerged during turbulent times in France… Religious attacks between Catholics and Huguenots (i.e. Protestants) began, and continued intermittently for sixty years. Church plays were banned in 1548 by Henri II, most likely because of the huge religious uproar during this period. The ban on religious plays dealt a painful blow to French theatre, but its prohibition allowed secular theatre to develop” (Joyeuse).