In normal people a mechanism prevents excessive or prolonged arousal in response to a stressor. In depressed people those levels are high and then go down after a depressive episode. When noradrenalin levels are low, the Cortisol levels can’t be regulated which suggests that it is linked to depression. A problem with this explanation is that it doesn’t state whether it is cause or effect. There is significant evidence to suggest that the role of hormones, (primarily
Extreme use of alcohol and other drugs can damage the brain and can sometimes cause hallucinations or other symptoms of a mental disorder but is only usually caused by excessive use of alcohol and drugs. Another cause for a mental disorder is infection. Infection can lead to the rise of mental illnesses and schizophrenia has been linked to flu. Another physical cause of a mental disorder is the biochemistry including neurotransmitters and hormones. Neurotransmitters are known to have an impact on behaviour such as high levels of nor adrenaline and dopamine are seen when a depressed mood is evident e.g.
This drugs effects are similar to but more rapid than those of amphetamines. Additionally the effects of cocaine are short-lived, which may help explain why this drug is especially addictive both psychologically and physiologically. Dopamine transporters are responsible for removing dopamine molecules from the synaptic cleft after they have done their job. Cocaine blocks thee transporters, leaving dopamine trapped in the synaptic cleft. As a result, dopamine binds again and again to the receptors overstimulation the cell.
It has been found to alleviate symptoms of post traumatic stress, resolve cases of severe depression and be a useful tool in marriage resolution (David Nutt) The substances which alter mood, consciousness and perception are known as psychoactive drugs and are placed into one of four categories; Depressants, Stimulants, Hallucinogens and Complex drugs. Not only does the variant of drug alter the person’s state of consciousness but other factors can change the way in which the drug affects a person. For example, if a particular individual is familiar with taking a specific drug in a certain place such as Ecstasy in a loud club surrounded by an abundance of people the effects will be much different if that same individual were to ingest the drug at home, alone. Substance misuse &
Several diseases will easily attack teenagers consuming drugs. Smoking, for instance, is the one of the risky activity related with the use of drug where a cigarette contains substances, which can be classified as a kind of drug. In addition, we need to know what the definition of drug is. Drug is the material or substance, which can change minds, moods or feelings, and behaviour when it comes into the human body, through inhaling, injecting or oral. More over, drugs can also make them who use drugs become addicted.
Christina Grimes November 11, 2008 English Composition 120 Mrs. D. Tatum Paper #2 Cause/Effect Crack Cocaine: The Harmful Effects The use of crack cocaine, an extremely addictive and potentially deadly drug, results in many negative effects. Whether using or experimenting with crack cocaine, very seldom do people understand the severity of the drug, or realize the effects that causes dramatic changes in their life. When broken into two main categories crack cocaine has short and long-term effects. The effects of using crack cocaine enables detrimental, emotional, and mental aspects of a drug user’s life. Like most other illicit drugs, crack cocaine remains extremely insidious, because even with the possibility of death, drug addicts continue to use without caution.
It has been studied that marijuana is addictive, a “gateway drug”; leads to harder drug use, interferes with fertility, impairs driving ability, and injures the lungs, immune system, and brain (medicalmarijuana.procon.org). Marijuana is well known to be able to induce anxiety disorders, including panic attacks. More rarely, when used by the wrong individuals, it may serve as a trigger for psychotic states, including
Also, extreme use of caffeine can cause panic attacks. Kuhn, Swartzwelder, and Wilson (2003) stated that caffeine will increase the risk of panic attacks if the individual had a panic attack previously. Fatal overdoses with caffeine are exceedingly rare, but it is doable. Kuhn, Swartzwelder, and Wilson (2003) stated that some of the symptoms of caffeine overdose include tremors, nausea, vomiting, irregular or rapid heart rate, and confusion. In the rarest of occasions, individuals might
or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Traditional definitions of addiction, with their criteria of physical dependence and withdrawal (and often an underlying tenor of depravity and sin) have been modified with increased understanding; with the introduction of new drugs, such as cocaine, that are psychologically or neuropsychological addicting; and with the realization that its stereotypical application to opiate-drug users was invalid because many of them remain occasional users with no physical dependence. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to the user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term "substance abuse" is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. Psychological dependence is the subjective feeling that the user needs the drug to maintain a feeling of well-being; physical dependence is characterized by tolerance (the need for increasingly larger doses in order to achieve the initial effect) and withdrawal symptoms when the user is abstinent. Definitions of drug abuse and addiction are subjective and infused with the political and moral values of the society or culture.
This increases the heart rate of the individual, which leads to the release of dopamine, associated with pleasure. Acetylcholine receptors in the brain adapt to what they regard as normal levels of the hormones released, making smoking a necessity to maintain the new ‘normal’ level of pleasure. This is why smoking becomes a ‘necessary’ habit to maintain, as stopping can cause withdrawal symptoms such as irritable behaviour, sadness, anger, stress, fidgeting and depression. Smoking is considered as ‘addictive’