However, teachers do need to indentify the specific disabilities and these are categorised in terms of general areas of development as follows; physical, cognitive, motor, social, language, behavioural and emotional development. Special needs also apply to gifted children who in many cases are not categorised as (SEN) however; they need adapted teaching to challenge their abilities and to foster their potential development. Therefore, this paper will also look at gifted children throughout the concepts and theories. Piaget's theory of cognitive development in essence deals with the view that all species inherit two basic tendencies; the first is organisation – organising behaviours and thoughts into logical systems. The second is adaptation – adjusting to your environment (Woolfolk, Hughes & Walkup, 2008).
This assignment will describe and evaluate two theories in developmental psychology. Developmental psychology is the scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life span. Firstly looking at Piaget’s Theory, and then followed by Kohlberg, there will be an evaluation of the similarities and differences between the two. It will provide evidence of how Piaget’s and Kohlberg’s theories both suffer from the same criticisms as they both use dilemmas with a particular criteria of a child and culture. The theory only considers a child’s beliefs not its actual behaviour.
Piaget’s theory of learning is sometimes referred to as a constructivist approach because he suggested that children constructed or built their thoughts according to their experiences of the world around them. Piaget used the term ‘schema’ to refer to a child’s conclusions or thoughts. He felt that learning was an ongoing process, with children needing to adapt. Piaget’s belief that children develop schemas based on their direct experiences can help us to understand why young children’s thinking is sometimes different from ours. Piaget also suggested that, as children develop so does their thinking.
Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences". In other words, Skinner's theory explained how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit each and every day. Bandura – Social Learning Theory The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development. While rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning.
The vital abilities that each child must pick up are to understand necessary instructions. This is an important age that children are attempting to guess who they are. Educators will have to help the students if they need it because certain circumstances that students will rely on the teacher more than their own parents. I am certain that Ron’s conduct has a lot to do with the new surroundings. When a student is in new surroundings they will search and test the grounds on which they can and cannot do.
Research in attachment theory has recently challenged the way in which educators and caregivers support the learning and development of young children. In response to this, research programs and studies have started to adopt public policy to support the theory regarding the sensitivity needed to help children with poor attachments and assist them to better cope. There is an ongoing effort made by child care workers to become more educated on the necessary information and skills required to provide higher quality care (Rolfe 215-216). “It is how you are brought up (nurture) that governs the psychologically significant aspects of child development and the concept of maturation applies only to the biological. So, when an infant forms an attachment it is responding to the love and attention it has received, language comes from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends on the degree of stimulation in the environment and, more broadly, on the civilization within which the child is reared.
CYP Core 3.1 unit 2.3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice. Theories of development are very important as they influence current practice and help us to understand why children behave and react the way that they do. It can also help us to figure out different and new ways of learning. The theories of development are: * Cognitive ( e.g. Paiget) * Psychoanalytic (e.g.
The theories (behaviorism, social learning, constructivism and social constructivism) will then be compared and contrasted to see what extent they recognise a role for social experiences in the development of a child. The theory of behaviorism is based on the understanding that human being is a trainable being and can be trained to behave in any particular way. Behaviourism believes that through certain methods of training and discipline, not only a person’s behaviour pattern can be changed but even their reflexes can be trained to respond in certain way to certain stimuli. Behaviourists rejected the child development theories which focused on ‘mental events’ as the cause of child development, and focused their attention on understanding how the behaviour of a child is influenced by his environment. Behaviourists considered any relatively permanent change in behavior that was caused by environmental events as ‘learning’ (Oates, Sheehy and Wood, 2005).
Nature versus Nurture of Child development “Genes and family may determine the foundation of the home, but time and place determine its form.”(Kagan, 2010). Every person in this world has their own distinctive personality and behavior. People may wonder why an individual acts the way they do or what makes someone different from each other? These kinds of questions naturally intrigue us. Personality psychologists claimed that one of the most profound challenges is to account for personality development, that’s why they put this into a study whether an individual’s behavior are caused by heredity or the environment, this study is known as the “nature” and “nurture”.
While Piaget believed in the universal stages and set cognitive development within those stages, Vygotsky really placed a great deal of the responsibility for development on the culture to which the child is exposed, and he also placed a great amount of importance on social factors. (simplypsychology) Critics of Piaget feel that he greatly underestimated the effects of social factors on cognitive development. Research has refuted the claims by Piaget that his learning stages were fixed and that certain learning could not take place until a child reached that particular stage of development (Slavin, 2009, p.40) Through research, it is now widely accepted that children are more competent than Piaget deduced. Piaget also believed in self-initiated discovery while Vygotsky placed emphasis on social contributions to learning such as cooperative learning. Another main controversy is with Piaget’s broad grouping of the stages affecting cognitive tasks.