Collect the green-tinged crystals on a small vacuum filter and wash them with a little mixed “hexanes.” The melting point of caffeine reported in the literature is 236°. This is too high to be safely determined in an apparatus using a mineral-oil bath. The green color of the caffeine sample can be removed by sublimation. Table of Chemicals Chemical | Quantity | MW | bp, °C | mp, °C | Density | Caffeine | - | 194 | - | 236 | - |
Steam distillation of freshly ground cloves results in clove oil, a combination of several compounds. Eugenol accounts for the majority of the compound, roughly 85%-90%; while eugenol acetate comprises a smaller amount, roughly 9 to 10 percent. Clove oil is a part of a class of natural products called essential oils used as flavorings and perfumes and, in the past, were considered to be the “essence” of clove trees. The principle of steam distillation is based on the fact that two immiscible liquids will boil a lower temperature together rather than individually. When two compounds are not miscible, co-distillation can performed instead.
The purpose of this experiment was to extract Trimyristin (C45H86O6 ) from ground nutmeg powder. Trimyristin is a white to yellowish-gray solid that is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether. Trimyrisin is found naturally in many vegetable fats and oils. Its synthesis was done using reflux as shown in the diagram on page 3. Allow the crystals to dry for 1 week then, weigh it, take a MP, and calculate the % yield.
Glycerol has some useful properties. It is a solvent and a solute (it can dissolve and be dissolved). When mixed with water, it lowers the freezing point and can then be used as a lubricant. It has a boiling point of 290°C and a melting point of 17.8°C (14). Glycerol is colourless and thick (11) so in comparison to
Glycerol is produced as a side-product. Acidification produces myristic acid, a fatty acid. Reactions with Fe3+ and Ca2+ cations produce insoluble acid salts (iron soaps and calcium soaps). Cautions! • Ethyl ether has a very low boiling point (40oC).
Essential to the effectiveness of many of these anesthetics is the aromatic ring at one end and possibly a secondary or tertiary amine at the other end of the molecule, seperated by a one- to four-unit hydrocarbon chain. In this experiment, we will synthesize benzocaine, one of the simpler local anesthetics, from para-amino benzoic acid and ethanol in the presence of conc. sulfuric acid. Benzocaine is an odorless, white, rhombohedric crystal with low water solubility. It is sensitive to light exposure and to temperatures above 30° C. As a drug, it has a low potency and low systemic toxicity.
However, there will be no reaction unless an acid catalyst (H+) is present. The reaction is characterized by Figure 1 below: Figure 1: Aspirin Synthesis The results for this particular experiment did indeed yield aspirin product through the technique of crystallization, however, it was not extremely pure. Crystallization is the technique by a particular substance is obtained in a crystal form due to changes and differences in solubility after a solution has been heated and mixed thoroughly. Aspirin is one form of a type of drugs known as Analgesics. These class of drugs are used to relieve pain only, they do not target inflammation like some other types of pain relievers do.
Without treatment this condensate can contain up to 1kg of ammonia and 1kg methanol per m3. More than 95% of the dissolved gases can be recovered by stripping with process steam and are recycled to the process. The stripped condensate can be re-used as boiler feed water make-up after treatment by ion exchange. Usually the ammonia absorbed from purge and flash gases is recovered in a closed loop so that no aqueous ammonia emissions occur. Emissions into water from the production plant during normal operation can thus be fully avoided.
Finding the Concentration of Citric Acid in Orange Juice I. Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to find the concentration of the citric acid in orange juice. It was assumed that 100% of the juice was citric acid and it was disregarded the other possible acids within the juice, rendering them insignificant to the overall concentration of the acidity in the orange juice. For that to be achieved, the potassium hydrogen phthalate solution had to be made of 0.1M. Then, sodium hydroxide would have to be titrated against the potassium hydrogen phthalate to standardize sodium hydroxide to 0.1M as well.
The results were Acetone which boiled at 56 degrees and Toluene which boiled at 111 degrees. Introduction/background Distillation is a very know method used to separate liquids based of their characteristics and properties. In order to separate mixtures, heat is applied to the liquids, which have different boiling points, to force them into a gas phase. After, the gas is collected and converted back into a liquid phase; doing this process over multiple times help increases the purity of the product. Or vice-versa the process can be used to convert gases into liquids by changing the pressure or temperatures.