the changes in the mechanisms of ‘volkisch’ anti-semitism and how it developed throughout the preceding decades, with particular scholarly movements including the inception of scientific racism, the volkisch movement in correspondence with new imperialism and militant nationalism. The approach suggests that the holocaust was exclusively akin to Germany’s rising ‘volkisch’ culture and that the aggressive notions of supremacy produced in the late nineteenth century influenced their attitudes towards the other races within Germany at the time and subsequent to the century’s turn. This particular approach is therefore beneficial for understanding how the very concept of a civilised genocide was manifested and how anti-semitism transformed according to the circumstances of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and is therefore the synthesis of the intentionalist and functionalist schools as the German anti-semitism was developed in the long-term through cumulative radicalisation. It adds to our understanding of how ‘völkisch-antisemitisch’ developed from mere prejudice into genocide and how it was influential in the development of advancement of National Socialism, being spawned through nineteenth century scholarly ideologies and social movements including Social Darwinism as a product of emerging ‘scientific racism’, with this and the association with romantic nationalism being
Texts are often influenced by the values and attitudes of their authors, and always reflect the time in which they are composed. Christopher Isherwood's novel Goodbye to Berlin (1939) and Bob Fosse’s musical Cabaret (1972) are both texts that explore the economic, social and political unrest and internal decay of Berlin in the 1930s. Inflation, World War 1, the failure of the Weimar Republic and a hedonistic society form the context of Isherwood's stories. In contrast, Fosse transforms Isherwood's stories into another form of entertainment, Hollywood musical, and demonstrates how a shift in context to a 1970s audience with a post-holocaust retrospection accounts for a shift in values. An inverse relationship is developed between the two texts, which establishes the notion of the Nazis' rise to power and the pursuit of a decadent lifestyle Both Goodbye to Berlin and Cabaret reflect anti-Semitic values and the rise of Nazism in Berlin in the 1930’s.Goodbye to Berlin was written at a time of political and economic instability in Europe, particularly Germany.
As World War II began, however, Franklin Roosevelt and Congress revised the acts to allow arms trading with the Allies. Lend-Lease Act Germany quickly occupied most of Europe and threatened to invade Great Britain. As German bombers ravaged British cities, the United States decided to help Britain by passing the Lend-Lease Act. This law allowed the United States to lend arms to Britain and, later, to the Soviet Union. Attack on Pearl Harbor On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor.
Julio Serrano EN-102 Prof. Ignacio Arana 4-22-09 Fascism: Unity through Power In our modern times, the word “Fascism” makes allusion to a specific period of time, in the last century, when the world was submerged in struggles and war. Although, this term is surrounded by controversy, the theoretical government created by the Fascist ideology could be a model to follow in different conditions. The Fascist movement rose at the beginning of the 20th century, and created a nationalist system using unity through strength. Fascism is often confused with racism, because radical fascist ideas suggest that strength is a quality of superior races. For a better analysis of the topic it is necessary to understand the theory of Fascism, its roots, the people, and how it has influenced the 20th century.
Jan 2010 How accurate is it to suggest that the Treaty of Versailles was mainly responsible for the political and economic instability in Germany 1919-23? How successful was Nazi economic policy in achieveing prosperity in Germany by 1939? Exemplar Pool - Watch the parameters of the dates! To what extent was the Weimar Republic
He believed in the concept of comparative advantage, the idea of nations to specialize in specific industries and trade with other nations for products not produced nationally. (David Ricardo) Comparative advantage is the foundation of industrialization as a means for globalisation. Classical economics was very much in fashion till the early 20th century with the advent of the Great Depression. John Maynard Keynes, a British economist, was the founder of Keynesian economics and the concept was first published in Keynes' book The General theory of Employment, Interest, and Money published during the Great Depression. (Keynesian Economics) Keynes attempted to explain the causes of the Great Depression, and how to to deal with the recession.
[3] Stalinism usually defines the style of a government rather than an ideology. The ideology was "Marxist–Leninist theory", reflecting that Stalin himself was not a theoretician, in contrast to Marx and Lenin, and prided himself on maintaining the legacy of Lenin as a founding father for the Soviet Union and the future Communist world. Stalinism is an interpretation of their ideas, and a certain political regime claiming to apply those ideas in ways fitting the changing needs of society, as with the transition from "socialism at a snail's pace" in the mid-twenties to the rapid industrialisation of the Five-Year Plans. Sometimes, although rarely, the compound terms "Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism" (used by the Brazilian MR-8), or teachings of Marx/Engels/Lenin/Stalin, are used to show the alleged heritage and succession. arxism is an economic and socio-political worldview that contains within it a political ideology for how to change and improve society by implementing socialism.
A Discussion of Walter Benjamin, 'The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction', Illuminations, 1970, pp.211-44 Walter Benjamin was a modernist German-Jewish philosopher who, since 1930, made contributions to aesthetic theory by addressing issues concerning mass society with the Marxist doctrine of thought. His essays, accessible to an educated reader, are characterised by self-critical beliefs over positivism, and have influenced many schools of thought such as the interdisciplinary social theory of the Frankfurt School. With his seminal importance on the humanities, Benjamin has also influenced modern-day thinkers such as John Berger, who writes to inform our consideration and treatment of art. In one of his most prolific essays, ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’, Benjamin does acknowledge that the reproduction of art could not directly inflect upon the economy or superstructure independently. This is because firstly, it is not a new phenomenon, and secondly, ‘in principle of work of art has always been reproducible.’[1] He does however infer that reproduced artworks bear political significance and that human sense perception relates to history.
When it comes to economics, Adam Smith and David Ricardo were two of the most influential writers in history. They both are credited with publishing the basic theories on why nations should trade openly with each other and abandon any mercantilism doctrine they might hold. The theories of these two men were paramount in kick-starting the system of international trading we use today. Adam Smith In 1776, Adam Smith’s published his most important book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, more commonly known as “The Wealth of Nations.” In this document Smith was credited with being the first to accurately describe capitalism. However, at the time, the term capitalism had not yet been created, and it was referred to by Smith as “a system of perfect liberty.” In addition to capitalism, Smith also outlined the theory of Absolute Advantage in “The Wealth of Nations.” Simply put, this theory states that a nation should concentrate its resources on the commodities that it can produce more efficiently than any other country.
This essay aims to construct the notion of ‘popular’ in popular culture through an analysis of the different perspectives of Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin on popular culture. Adorno and Benjamin are both members of the Frankfurt School of sociological thought, although Benjamin was only marginally involved. Frankfurt members: “Marxist in general intellectual orientation, but they differ from standard Marxists in de-emphasizing the economic base and its role in determining consciousness and showing how ideology and culture can have a causal, and a shaping role.” They are the main source of the Critical Theory, which criticized capitalism based on their experiences of being forced by the totalitarian fascist party to leave their homes, and the abusive misuse of popular culture as propaganda. An example is the film “The triumph of the Will” which promoted Nazi ideology. Critical theory was based on the idea that people should pursue greater autonomy and self-definition, through the knowledge that steps beyond the obstacles and mystification that prevent individuals to accurately perceive their situation and reality.