I identified that I had to refocus discussions because the service user I was working with tended to digress. It proved to be a testing experience because I was not always sure exactly when to or how to draw in the conversation without causing offence to the service user or appearing to be in a rush. On reflection, I realized that being honest and upfront with the service user would have been a more professional way of dealing with the situation as stated by the GSCC Codes of Practice (2002, 2.1; 2.2) There was a need for empathic communication during the interview. Using appropriate reactions and facial expressions facilitate this. Given the importance of the housing issue to the service user, I had to be aware of how I spoke with him by using sensitive language and showing concern but also through trying to get the important issues across (Thompson, 2002).
In this essay we will assess the usefulness of these functionalist theories, and look at how it helps us explain crime. One functionalist who tried to explain crime is Merton and his strain theory, the strain theory argues that people engage in the deviant behaviour when they are unable to achieve socially approved goals by legitimate means. Merton explanation combines 2 elements; structural factors- society’s unequal opportunity structure, cultural factors- strong emphasis to achieve goals and weak emphasis on using legit means. Merton uses the strain theory to explain some patterns of crime in society, he argues a person’s positioning in society affects the way they adapt or respond to the strain to anomie. Merton gives 5 different types of adaption; Conformity- the individual accepts socially acceptable goal and achieves it through legitimate means, Innovation- Individual accepts the role of success and wealth but uses illegitimate means to achieve them, Ritualism- Individual give up on legitimate goals but still follow strictly to the rules, Retreatism- Individuals reject legitimate goals and means of achieving them e.g drug addicts, the final type is Rebellion- Individuals reject existing goals and means but replace them with new one in desire to bring about revolutionary change.
There is no doubt counsellors have to be aware of the complications when it comes to culture (Pederson & Ivey 1993). Within a culture people develop patterns of behaviour that they have learnt. Cultural identity differences can be perceived between themselves and other groups and can also be based on personal preferences i.e. Language, religion, lifestyle, Birthplace or even life experiences. There is a danger that if counsellors minimise cultural differences they are likely to impose the larger multicultural groups similarities upon the smaller multicultural groups and uphold one group as being more important than the other.
WALKING WITH THE DEVIL 1 Walking With The Devil WALKING WITH THE DEVIL 2 Michael Quinn, in his book, Walking With the Devil, provides a vivid portrayal of the code of silence within the police sub-culture. He not only gives profound and impacting examples of the dire consequences which can ensue because of the police and their loyalty to the code, but provides the reader with the understanding that individuals working within the scope of law enforcement can move beyond and prove to be a leader by example and by breaking the code. Mr. Quinn comes from a long line family members, of whom, have worked within law enforcement. His father, in particular, was a police officer for over forty years and one must assume that Mr. Quinn gained valuable insight and was given a prime example of what it takes to be a productive and effective officer. It seems, as evidenced through his writing, that he whole-heartedly believes the police code of silence to be a detriment, not only to criminals, but to the officers themselves.
Such an approach in this case would seek to understand the attitudes of ethnic minorities towards the police through methods such as semi-structured or unstructured interviews. Unstructured interviews are informal sessions with the interviewer asking open ended questions, in this case about attitudes to the police. The idea is that respondents are free to answer in depth. However a potential problem here is that researchers could ask leading questions or put across an anti police bias, which might encourage the respondents to exaggerate their experiences. A qualitative approach ought to collect data that are high in validity.
This was important because without the interest of the audience, the point you were trying to get across was nearly useless. The issue or message of the paper usually consisted of using the subject to try and convince an audience. This could be done through persuasion, explaining, narrating, or informing to an audience. Overall, the rhetorical triangle is important to writing because it gives you a clearer vision of the relationship between the speaker, audience, and issue at hand. With a good understanding of these relationships, it makes both your analysis of a story and your writing more
I will be talking to you about the values and differences between the character of Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes and Raymond Chandler`s Philip Marlowe. To begin with, as we are all aware, there are many forms of crime fiction that are written . We have moved away from the classical amateur detective (Sherlock Holmes), to more professional sleuths (Philip Marlowe). A crime story must reflect the time in which it was written, providing an accurate and realistic depiction of its characters involved. More importantly, it must offer some insight into the social, political and moral climate of its era.
These concept explain crime at levels of the society, the individual, and the group. An individual’s potential for criminality depends on the competition between associations that treat criminal behavior positively and those who treat it negatively (Vandelay, 2010, p.1) The main points of Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory are the nine propositions which are one that criminal behavior is learned second which is similar to the first proposition is that criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other people in an attempt to communicate. The third main point or proposition is that the principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. The fourth main point is that when criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes; the techniques of committing the crime which are sometimes complicated or very simple and the specific motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. The fifth main point is the specific direction of motives and drive is learned from the definition of the legal codes whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
It maintains that crime is the product of environmental influences on individuals who are otherwise psychologically as well as biologically normal (Joubert, S. J., Joubert, E., Ovens, M. 2009). It concentrates mainly on how people learn to become criminals or how they learn to engage in criminal behaviour and has interest in why they become criminals (Wikipedia, 2013). The theory of differential association is very similar to social learning. Social learning is learning that can be attained through many processes, our attitudes are also shaped by various forms of influence (Baron, R.A., Branscombe, N.R., Byrne, D., 2009). Sutherlands first three principles: 1.
1. Introduction Assessment is a complex & comprehensive process during which certain behavioural aspects, individual needs, and risks of the offender are identified, examined, verified, classified, analysed & evaluated. This assessment process is based on empirical literature, tested theories, relevant research findings & both personal judgment & experience related to the behaviour in question (Joubert, Hesselink & Marais 2003) Assessment cannot only be implemented for the planning of prevention & the intervention of treatment activities, but also for effective profiling as well as the prediction of criminal behaviour. 2. Definition of Key Concepts 2.1 Criminal Profiling ( Hard evidence profiling) According to Turvey 1999, the process of inferring distinctive personality characteristics of individuals responsible for committing criminal acts has been commonly referred to as ‘criminal profiling.’ These include biographic details of the perpetrator, crime-scene analysis, and so on.