Unit 4, P2 Leah-Faith Giles Understand the potential effects of life factors and events on the development of the individual. Life Factors Within each living cell in the human body, there is a nucleus, with 23 pairs of chromosomes inside it. For each pair of chromosomes one comes from the mother, and another pair from the father. These chromosomes carry units of inheritance called genes. These genes carry the instructions to build a new person; they are made up of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid, commonly known as DNA.
Or each chromosome of a pair can be individually picked. 16. Explain two ways in which children can have different chromosomes (gene variation) than their mother or father. Random separation of chromosomes (law of segregation) when forming sperm/ova during anaphase I, crossing over of some genes to the homologous chromosomes during prophase I, and mutation during S
In the first mutation of the CYP2C9 gene described in Henry’s story, the 1075th nucleotide had changed from an adenine (A) to a cytosine (C). This mutation converts an ATT triplet code in the coding strand of the DNA molecule to CTT. Beginning with this triplet code on the DNA, describe the effect that this change would have on the following: a. The nucleotide sequence on the template strand of the gene. GAA b.
One of the causes that brought about the differences in alleles is sexual reproduction during meiosis. There are two main events during meiosis, crossing over of chromatids and independent segregation of chromosomes. During meiosis I, homologous pairs of chromosomes come together and pair up. The chromatids twist around each other and bits of chromatids swap over, the crossing over of chromatids in meiosis I means that each of the four daughter cells formed from meiosis II contain chromatids with a different set of alleles, which increases genetic variation. Meanwhile during the independent segregation of chromosomes, half of your chromosomes come from your mum (called maternal chromosomes) and half from your dad (called paternal chromosomes).
There is a link between an individual’s chromosome sex (XX and XY) and their external genitalia (vagina or penis) and internal genitalia (ovaries or testes). Over time, a gene on the Y chromosome, the SRY gene, causes the gonads of the embryo to develop as testes. If the embryo has no Y chromosome, it will not have the SRY gene, without this SRY gene the gonads will develop as ovaries. The testes and ovaries begin to produce different levels of sex hormones which affect gender development. Some babies can be born with atypical sex chromosomes.
It seems that gradually genetics might play a role in causing depression, addiction and issues to do with self-esteem, these could cause by predisposing the children in some way. It means that genetic code does not absolutely govern what we will do or become, but certain environmental factors will trigger the genes to affect them. A baby’s development can be effected during the pregnancy or at the moment of conceiving. If the mother smokes, drink alcohol or uses drugs, this way the baby can be harmed during the pregnancy. Furthermore, there are influences of children’s development after conceived, for example some babies are born too early and this play a part in their later development.
Biochemistry Article Review The Proof Is in the Proteins By: Katherine Harmon My article The Proof Is in the Proteins outlines how Douglas Theobald an assistant professor of biochemistry of Brandeis University took the idea of there being a single ancestor to all other organisms and proved this old-age Darwinian theories likelihood. This theory comes from Charles Darwin who fathered the theory that all species of life came from one common ancestor evolving over a period of time. This theory is one that many researchers and biologists base there own work around. Many people think it may already be obvious that many life forms grew from one single organism because of the fact that we have discovered and dissected DNA and its genetic heritage. With the discovery of DNA in the mid-20th century it established this idea in popular and academic rings
In recent years, geneticists have learned how to take skin cells and return them to a state called pluripotency, where they can become almost any type of cell in the human body. Church proposes to use the MAGE technique to alter a stem cell's DNA to match the Neanderthal genome. That stem cell would be left to reproduce, creating a colony of cells that could be programmed to become any type of cell that existed in the Neanderthal's body. Colonies of heart, brain, and liver cells, or possibly entire organs, could be grown for research
I will also tell you about ways to help to deal with the problems that can go along with this birth defect such as identity problems. The sex of a child is determined at conception. The mother's egg contains an X chromosome and the father's sperm contains either an X or a Y chromosome. The X and Y chromosomes determine the gender of the child. During the process where the fetal tissue is to become male or female is disrupted, ambiguous genitalia may develop.
| Genetic Inheritance – At the time of foetal conception genetics are passed from parents, if there is a malfunction this could affect the child’s appearance. | Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder that whereby a child is born with an extra chromosome or sometimes half an extra strand of chromosome. | Child might have physical and mental defects that will hinder their development, such as slow learning rates of development or achievable milestones.