The 1993 southwest-off Hokkaido earthquake occurred at 22:17 on 12 July 1993 in the Sea of Japan near the island of Hokkaido. It had a magnitude of 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale (newer version of the Richter scale) and a maximum felt intensity of VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale. It triggered a major tsunami that caused deaths on Hokkaidō and in southeastern Russia, with a total of 239 fatalities recorded. The island of Okushiri was hardest hit, with 165 casualties from the earthquake, the tsunami and a large landslide. The earthquake occurred in the backarc region of the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate.
(Some geologists argue that this portion of the Eurasian Plate is actually a fragment of the North American Plate called the Okhotsk microplate.) A part of the subduction zone measuring approximately 190 miles (300 km) long by 95 miles (150 km) wide lurched as much as 164 feet (50 metres) to the east-southeast and thrust upward about 33 feet (10 metres). (“Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011, 1”) A series of extremely destructive tsunami waves followed the 9.0 earthquake along with the dozens of foreshocks and aftershocks that came with it. The city of Sendai, its surrounding area and airport were pounded by a wave
KOBE 1995 [pic] Collapse of Bank Building. Photo courtesy of Tokyo University. MAGNITUDE AND EPICENTER The Great Hanshin earthquake occurred at 5:46 a.m. on Tuesday, January 17, 1995. This earthquake is also called by the following names: Kobe, South Hyogo, Hyogo-ken Nanbu. The earthquake had a local magnitude of 7.2.
The earthquake’s strongest point lasted for around 8-10 minutes. The tsunami created a permanent rise in global sea level by at least 0.1mm and it caused an inactive volcano located in the Leuser Mountain, Indonesia to active. Did you know the December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was caused by an earthquake that is thought to have had the energy of 23,000 atomic bombs. *Location* The tsunami was located in 15 different countries. The countries which were affected the most include Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand.
THE INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI A CASE STUDY INVESTIGATION BY NATO RTO SAS-065 PART TWO: THE CASE OF ACEH AND NORTH SUMATRA CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS: Reiner Huber Tor Langsaeter Petra Eggenhofer Fernando Freire António Grilo Anne-Marie Grisogono Jose Martins Jens Roemer Mink Spaans Klaus Titze 24 March 2008 INTRODUCTION This paper presents Part Two of a case study on the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004 meant to support the development of a C2 Maturity Model for networked enabled capabilities (NEC) by the NATO RTO research task group, SAS-065. Together with several other case studies of complex civil-military endeavours it is meant to inform the assessment of the current draft of the maturity model 1 as to what extent the model’s assumptions, about C2 maturity levels and transition requirements between maturity levels, are reflected by the observations and experience available from real world operations as a basis for requisite adaptations of the model. Part One of the Tsunami case study is primarily based on the Synthesis Report of the Tsunami Evaluation Coalition (TEC) 2 and various web-based accounts that address common problems associated with the emergency response operations throughout the Indian Ocean region. Part two concentrates on the response in the district of Aceh in Northern Sumatra as described by Kirsten Schulze 3 and Louise K. Comfort, 4 and the World Bank review of the post-tsunami communication environment in Aceh. 5 Aimed at identifying different levels of operational and C2 maturity as defined by the Maturity Model, both parts of the study concentrate on findings related to the coordination of disaster response: Part One on Immediate and Follow-on Relief in the six months period following the disaster covering the reach of the UN Flash Appeal of 5 January 2005; 6 Part Two on Immediate and Follow-on Relief, as well as Recovery and
Up to 40.5 m (133 ft) in Miyako, Iwate, Tōhoku Landslides Yes Foreshocks 7 Aftershocks 1,235 Casualties 15,844 deaths,[4][5] 5,893 injured,[4][5] 3,394 people missing[4][5] The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku (東北地方太平洋沖地震, Tōhoku-chihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin? ),[6] also known as the 2011 Tohoku earthquake,[7] or the Great East Japan Earthquake,[8][9][fn 1] was a magnitude 9.0 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday, 11 March 2011,[2][3][10] with the epicenter approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 32 km (20 mi). [2][11] It was the most powerful known earthquake ever to have hit Japan, and one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world since modern record-keeping began in 1900. [10][12][13] The earthquake triggered powerful
The December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was caused by an earthquake that is thought to have had the energy of 23,000 Hiroshima-type atomic bombs. The epicenter of the 9.0 magnitude quake was under the Indian Ocean near the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The violent movement of sections of the Earth’s crusts known as tectonic plates displaced an enormous amount of water, sending powerful shock waves in every direction. The tectonic plates in this area had been pushing against each other, building pressure for thousands of years – they continue to do so and will likely cause underwater earthquakes and tsunamis in the future. The shifting of the earth’s plates in the Indian Ocean on Dec. 26, 2004 caused a rupture more than 600 miles long, displacing the seafloor above the rupture by perhaps 10 yards horizontally and several yards vertically.
(USGS) There are two types of faults called dip-slip faults and strike-slip faults. Dip-slip faults occur when vertical displacement takes place and strike-slip faults happens when there is horizontal displacement. (Chapter 3&4 Powerpoint) Haiti is located in the western part of the island of Hispaniola and is situated between Puerto Rico and Cuba as seen in the picture to the right. (USGS) On January 12th 2010 at 4:53 p.m., an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0 occurred 16 miles west of Port-au-Prince, Haiti’s capital. The earthquake was said to be felt in areas of Aruba, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Turks and Caicos, Venezuela, Bahamas, US Virgin
Movement in this fault zone resulted in the great Hanshin earthquake. A 30-50 km long rupture of a strike-slip fault occurred close to and under downtown Kobe. The eruption towards the north ruptured towards Kobe. The earthquake’s shallow depth of 16 km and close proximity to the built-up area meant that buildings and structures were subjected to much ground-shaking and soil liquefaction On Tuesday, January 17th 1995, at 5.46 am (local time), an unexpected earthquake of magnitude 7.2 on the Richter scale struck the Kobe region of south-central Japan, the shallow depth of the focus which was only about 16 kilometres below the surface and the fact that the epicentre occurred close to a very heavily populated area caused a great destruction. Seismic shockwaves travelled from Awaji Island (the epicentre) along the Nojima Fault to the cities of Kobe and Osaka.
------------------------------------------------- Submarine earthquake From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Tectonic plate boundaries, showing the plate movement direction and magnitude of motion. Tectonic plate boundaries Convergent plate boundary trench formation and dynamics Convergent plate boundary: Mariana trench Plate Tectonics Transform plate boundary: San Andreas Fault Divergent plate boundary: Mid-Atlantic Ridge Divergent plate boundary: Mid-Atlantic Ridge A submarine, undersea, or underwater earthquake is an earthquakethat occurs underwater at the bottom of a body of water, especially anocean. They are the leading cause of tsunamis. The magnitude can be measured scientifically by the use of either the Richter scale or the Mercalli scale. [1] Understanding plate tectonics helps to explain the cause of submarine earthquakes.