Considering the work of key pioneers and current experts with links to child development theory. There are many theories about how children learn and develop. This area of study is called developmental psychology which covers subjects such as cognitive, language and emotional development. The research methods are based heavily on the on going assessments carried out by observing children over a period of time. Assessment is part of the process of understanding what children know, understand and can do so that future teaching steps can be appropriately planned.
The self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that comes true simply by it being made, which leads to a student’s underachievement. If teachers have low expectations of certain children and they are aware of these expectations, these children may develop a negative self-concept. They may come to see themselves as failures and give up trying, thereby fulfilling their original prophecy and leading to underachievement. Studies show that self-fulfilling prophecy is particularly less likely to occur when children are streamed. Streaming involves separating children into different ability groups or classes called 'streams'.
Through doing this and practising the skills that they have learned the children will be able to take ownership of their learning and be able to apply it in different situations. To provide high-quality experiences for young children we should aim for a balance of one-third adult-directed activities and one-third child-initiated activities. The other third of the time should ideally be taken up by child-initiated activities that are then picked up on and supported by an adult – these are opportunities for ‘sustained shared thinking’ to take place. Children learn through first-hand experiances and activities with the serious business of ‘play’ providing the vehicle. Through their play children practise and consolidate their learning, play with ideas, experiment, take risks, solve problems, and make decisions… First-hand experiences allow children to develop an understanding of themselves and the world in which they live.
Jean Piaget focused his research on studying children and observing their thought processes. With the use of observations, dialogues and small-scale experiments, Piaget argued that to achieve reason and logic children experienced stages of ‘intellectual development’ (Smith, Cowie & Blades, 2003, p.514). According to Passer, M., Smith, R., Holt, N., Bremner, A., Sutherland, E., & Vliek, M. (2009) the four stages of cognitive growth that Piaget founded were the sensorimotor stage (from birth to two years of age), the pre-operational stage (ages 2 to 7), the concrete operational stage (ages 7 to 12) and finally the formal operational stage (ages 12 onwards). In the first stage infants “understand the world through sensory and motor experiences” and learn of object permanence. Object permanence is
Children who have suffered a brain injury may show some behaviour similar to those of ADHD. However, only a small percentage of children with ADHD have suffered a brain injury. P3 Additional help that someone with ADHD may need is guidance and understanding from their parents and teachers to reach their full potential and to succeed in school. Before a child is diagnosed, frustration, blame, and anger may have built up within the family. Parents and children may need help to overcome the bad feelings.
TECA 1354 QTA Discussion: Metacognition Development How Can Teachers assist children in the development of their Metacognitive skills? Answer: Teachers at every developmental stage provide learning activities that focus on study strategies, problem-solving, and critical thinking/decision-making skills. Chapter 7 5th Edition 1. How well does the author define Metacognition and Cognitive Strategies? (Describe these concepts in your own words to earn 1 grade point) Author defines metacognition an cognitive strategies as strategies that are important and needed in order for a child to understand how their mind works and also how they can take control of it 2.
Task 2 – 2.3 As I work in a SEN PMLD class I work with ages 3 to 10 years of ages, so we have to adapt the NC to our class and our children depending on their abilities. Our class has been labelled Nursery and Early years as the children in our class are at that stage with all the development skills, and would not be fair to put them in a higher class due to their age if they aren’t developed fully to go in a higher class. For example, we have a student that is at her mental ability to understand what she should at her age intellectually but does not have the physical and communicational skills to response like most other children her age (she is 6 years old). However as she cannot communicate with us through speech, we would adapt the lesson
Playing and learning in children’s education E1/A In (appendices 1), the Nursery World article written by Fisher. J (2012) talks about how the role of the practitioner should plan for a balance between adult –led learning and child –led learning. This means that the adult needs to observe children closely to see how they are developing. When the practitioner stands back during child-led play, they can gain lots of information about a child, how they use their environments and resources. This helps to meet their learning needs if the practitioner then uses this information to plan the next steps.
In this cases in my setting we would try and encourage the child and meet that child’s individual needs by not pushing them to do the tasks of a more developed child. As discussed previously in this essay there are external influences that can affect a child such as where they are growing up, their family structure and the kind of educational setting they may attend that can contribute or adversely affect their development. As previously stated we would support the child and the families in these cases. For example a child whose parents have separated we would understand for the child, but we would not ask the child probing questions, but let them talk to us if they felt they needed
Piaget’s theory of learning is sometimes referred to as a constructivist approach because he suggested that children constructed or built their thoughts according to their experiences of the world around them. Piaget used the term ‘schema’ to refer to a child’s conclusions or thoughts. He felt that learning was an ongoing process, with children needing to adapt. Piaget’s belief that children develop schemas based on their direct experiences can help us to understand why young children’s thinking is sometimes different from ours. Piaget also suggested that, as children develop so does their thinking.