Some commonly used radioisotopes are Americum-241, Californium-252, Carbon-14, Colbalt-60, and Xenon-133. Americum-241 is used in many smoke detectors for homes and businesses. It is also used to measure levels of toxic lead in dried paint samples and to ensure thickness in rolling processes like steel and paper production. Californium-252 is used to inspect airline luggage for hidden explosives. Carbon-14 is used in biological research, agriculture, pollution control, and archeology.
The alpha particles are relatively large and heavy. As a result, alpha rays are not very penetrating and are easily absorbed. A sheet of paper or a 3-cm layer of air is sufficient to stop them. The alpha particle emitter will not penetrate the outer layer of our skin, but is dangerous if inhaled or swallowed. BETA PARTICLES Beta rays are much lighter energy particles.
In this process, the original atom will lose two neutrons and two protons, changing the element’s atomic number and mass, and subsequently making it into a different element. My model clearly and simply demonstrates this process due to the fact that it does not over complicate the process. I did not label the parent atom intentionally, to imply that this process can generally happen to almost any charged particle. Also, empty spaces are left in the atom to show that the particles that form the helium nucleus were released. On top of this, the helium nucleus is clearly labeled and is shown containing two neutrons and two protons (which are also labeled using an “N” and a “+”).
There are two basic types of radiation, which are ionizing and non ionizing. Non ionizing radiation comes from some light, radio, microwaves and radar waves, these waves usually do not cause extreme damages. Ionizing radiation is radiation that produces chemical effects on human tissues, through gamma rays, x-rays, neutron and electron beams. The first ever radioactive bomb was experienced on August 9th, 1945, when the United States dropped “Fay Boy” on Hiroshima (Hiroshima). Not only does radiation cause internal effects to people, it can cause Black rain, which is radioactive deposit that falls from the sky and can burn the skin (Damages).
WHY HIS THEORY WAS WRONG In Miller’s UV experiments, he used a select wavelength to produce amino acids and screened out other wavelengths because they destroy amino acids. Yet both chemical-building and chemical-destroying light exists in sunlight. Amino acids are actually very delicate and readily break down under natural
Some isotopes of atoms, such as Cobalt 60, are natural sources of gamma radiation. X-ray machines and nuclear power reactors are also sources of gamma radiation. Radiation is of concern because, depending on its type, total amount, or rate of delivery, radiation can cause changes in the genetic material (DNA) within cells, or change the activities of cells. In very high doses, it kills cells directly. Radiation dosage is measured in rads.
Nuclear forces are small-distance forces and have to act against the electrostatic forces where positively charged nuclei repel each other. This is the reason why nuclear fusion reactions occur mostly in high density, high temperature environment. Both nuclear fusion and fission have similar characteristics. Such as both fission and fusion nuclear reactions are chain reactions. A nuclear chain reaction occurs when one nuclear reaction causes an average of one or more nuclear reactions, thus leading to a self-propagating number of
Rubidium is used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes. It is also used in the manufacture of photocells and in special glasses. Since it is easily ionized, it might be used as a propellant in ion engines on spacecraft. Recent discoveries of large deposits of rubidium suggest that its usefulness will increase as its properties become better understood. Estimated Crustal Abundance: 9.0×101 milligrams per kilogram Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 1.2×10-1 milligrams per liter Number of Stable Isotopes: 1 (View all isotope data) Ionization Energy: 4.177 eV Oxidation State:
However, boron has an electronegativity that is very similar to hydrogen, meaning there is likely very little ionic character in the hydrogen to boron bonds, and as such this Lewis structure, though it does not fulfill the octet rule, is likely the best structure possible for depicting BH3 with Lewis theory. One of the things that may account for BH3's incomplete octet is that it is commonly a transitory species, formed temporarily in reactions that involve multiple steps. Let's take a look at another incomplete octet situation dealing with boron, BF3 (Boron trifluorine). Like with BH3, the initial drawing of a Lewis structure of BF3 will form a structure where boron has only six electrons around it (Figure 6). Figure 6 If you look Figure 6, you can see that the fluorine atoms possess
This field is said to be active and frequently interrelating with the solar wind and channelling plasma into Mercury’s surface from the sun. The chemicals captured from the solar wind include Hydrogen and Helium, which help create Mercury’s extremely thin atmosphere. Scientists would argue that there is ‘no’ atmosphere on Mercury at all. The little amount of gas found on Mercury is trillions of times thinner than the gasses found on earth, and would not be able to be detected without exceptionally sensitive equipment. Although very thin, Mercury’s atmosphere is made up of trace amounts of gasses including 42% Oxygen, 29% Sodium, 22% Hydrogen, 6% Helium, and 0.5% Potassium.