Aim: To determine the presence of the cations Na+, K+, NH4+, Ag+, Cu2+ and Bi3+ in the solution under analysis. Procedure: Please refer to page 26-27 of CHM152/154/2252 Laboratory Manual. Results: Procedure No and Ion Test Reagent or Technique Evidence of Chemical Change Chemical(s) Responsible for Observation Equation(s) for Observed Reaction 1. Na+ Perform flame test by dipping a test loop in test solution and putting in Bunsen flame after cleaning the loop with HCl(aq) A brilliant yellow persistent flame occurs Presence of sodium in the test solution - 2. K+ Perform flame test by dipping a test loop in test solution and putting in Bunsen flame after cleaning the loop with HCl(aq).
A wet swab was used to collect a small sample of the compound. The swab was placed over a Bunsen burner and the flame’s color was recorded. The flame test color of the unknown cation was then compared with the known cations, listed
Marked 5 1 cm intervals on line starting 0.6 cm from edge of plate3. Prepared 5 micropipettes to spot plate4. prepared chamber with methylene chloride as solvent using a beaker with ½ sheet of filter paper and covered with aluminum foil.5. Spotted plate left to right with fuorene, fluorenol, fluorenone, unknown 3D, and reference mixture containing all 3 compounds a. used different pipettes to spot plate b. drew up sample by capillary action c. applied light spot (about 2 mm) d. allowed to evaporate6. Developed TLC plate by placing plate in chamber not contacting filter paper.7.
Describe the differences between protons and electrons The difference between protons and electrons is that protons are positively charged and that elections are negatively charged. Another difference is that protons are in the nucleus and electrons circle the nucleus in shells outside the nucleus. What is the difference between the mass number and the relative atomic mass of an element? The difference between the mass number and the atomic mass is that the mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and the relative atomic mass is the mass of an atom. Distinguish between an element and a compound with 2 examples for each An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances.
As the electrons return to their lowest energy level, they release energy in the form of light. The different colors are because of the different
As Model Science (2011) explains, the experiment will show that as the salt with the metal is “burned, the electrons will be excited (i.e., move to another energy level) and as these electrons fall back from one energy level to another, they will emit photons of light. These photons will have different colors depending on the element and its discrete energy levels”. In other words, “different wavelengths of light (colors) will be emitted when the electrons of different elements go down the step(s) between their energy level(s). In addition, each element will have its own set of energy levels and therefore each will have its own color or set of colors (Model Science, 2011)”. As an example, Model Science (2011) provided “sodium burns orange, potassium -purple/blue, barium - green, and lithium – red”.
The arrangement of particles in an atom Protons and neutrons make up the main, dense, central nucleus in the centre of the atom. This is surrounded by electrons “orbiting” the main nucleus. The electron are in shells depending on their energy levels, as the most energetic are on the outer shells, because they need more energy to travel around a bigger “orbit” of the nucleus. These shells are full when a certain amount of atoms are in the shell; 2 in the first shell, 8 in the next shell, 8 in the third shell and so on. When the shells are full, the atom is unreactive.
In this experiment the class took solid flakes of six different metals and tested the effect they had on the color of the flame they were placed in. This is done by taking six wooden splints which had previsly been soaked in water so they’d be able to pick up the chemical. Next, the laboratory burner was turned on and a flame was lit. Then, one of the splints was used to pick up a chemical and held in the fire to have it’s color recorded. This was six times total times, to test each chemical’s color.
An ionic bond is the transfer of valence electrons between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that creates two oppositely charged ions. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, the non-metal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion. Ionic bonds require an electron donor, metal, and an electron acceptor, nonmetal. By losing those electrons, these metals can achieve noble-gas configuration and satisfy the octet rule.
Nuclear fussion: Nuclear fusion is the process in which two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus. The total masses of the products are less than the combined mass of the two light nuclei. The energy equivalent of the loss of mass is released. The release of energy during nuclear fusion can also be calculated from the values of the