How significant was the opening of Pentonville Prison in the short-term in making methods of punishment more humane? The 19th century marked a pinnacle of success as the revolutionary symbol Pentonville was opened in 1842. It marked a ‘history of efforts to devise perfectly rational and reformative mode of imprisonment' . This new ‘model prison’ represented a more humane method of imprisonment. The aim of the prison was to reform the prisoner through solitary confinement, religion and order.
In addition, World War II introduced change through industrialisation, which was key to Russia’s success in the war. These key reforming leaders and other factors of change saw Russia grow from a very deprived country in 1856 to an industrial superpower in 1964. Alexander II became known as ‘Alexander the Great Reformer’ and ‘the Tsar Liberator’ which suggests that his work and reforms changed the nature of Russian government and society to a large extent. The emancipation of the Serfs in 1861 initially appeared to have major benefits for the serfs. As Alexander II said: “We vowed in our hearts to fulfil the mission which is entrusted to Us and to surround with Our affection and Our Imperial solicitude all Our faithful subjects of every rank and condition”2.
What is more, Gopnik elevates Stuntz’s issue on justice to Charles Dickens’s idea of the inhumanity of American prisons. By emphasizing Dicken’s experience after visiting prison, he reveals the inhumane conditions in prison. Gopnik also brings up the racial issue by introducing the Southern argument. “The system of mass incarceration”, Michelle Alexander states “works to trap African Americans in a virtual cage” (4). Seven times more black people are put into jails compared to white people.
359) it was assumed that the most common exclusion was re-incarceration at the time of or shortly after release. The demographics and clinical characteristics reflecting the HIV-infected incarcerated population was most of the participants were male and African-American, almost three quarters had prior prison incarcerations and over half suffer from depression. “Of the 89 subjects included in the analyses, 31 (72.1%) in the BCM and 28 (60.9%) in the SOC arms completed the week 48
He formed the police style with more of a military attitude; given them uniforms and a better organized structure. Peel’s model for the new policing attitude became a model for policing across the world to pursue. London, in 1829 was characterized by increasingly high levels of societal disorder, criminality and lawlessness generated by economic, political and social factors. In the same year, Sir Robert PEEL introduced the Metropolitan Police Act which brought new methods of social control; and which has been shown by history to have been a long lasting blueprint for modern policing styles. Peel’s New Police was but one element of a body of changes reforming not just the Criminal Law, but the entire Criminal Justice System, including imprisonment and transportation, and also general criminal procedure.
Pain argues that “a variety of food… and the atmosphere” contributed to the cause and prevention of Cholera (Pain). Although his prevention and etiology was not medically accurate, he provides a logical and scientific explanation contrasting the average individual during the time. Furthermore, the letters address many casualties that resulted from the cholera outbreaks and those, of whom which “perish within a few hours… within the onset of symptoms” (Pain). People started searching for the origin, or etiology, of the illness and a mass wave of immigration was under review. “Between 1830 and 1850, the foreign-born population of New York grew from [nine percent to forty-six percent]” moreover, increasing the working class (Andrew).
The ones that are against racial profiling have thought of an alternative solution, which is behavioral profiling. Behavioral profiling, hence the name, means to base the law enforcers' suspicion according to that person’s behavior instead of race. With this more effective system, it balances our protection from both terrorism and violating someone’s civil rights. One reasonable example on why we shouldn’t racial profile is the popular bomber in United Kingdom, Richard Reid, who doesn’t fit the profile that they have created for terrorists. Individuals have also made good arguments about the negative outcome that racial profiling might bring to our society.
Even though the consequences of such practices were often fatal and with prolonged effects to the subjects, knowledge was obtained through this type of research. Researchers who engage in such experimentation overlook the end importance of the research, which is to enhance human development. These methods of gaining knowledge, breach ethical conducts for the gain of the researchers. Promoting ethical preservation in this field and use of strict punishment to the violators of the ethics in research should be a priority. In the 1900, a small group of American doctors did unethical experiments on prisoners in the Philippines.
I will also give a prediction of how juvenile justice prevention and intervention strategies will be handled over the next 2 decades. “The law has long defined a line between juvenile and adult offenders, but that line has been drawn at different places, for different reasons. Early in United States history, the law was heavily influenced by the common law of England, which governed the American colonies. One of the most important English lawyers of the time was William Blackstone. Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, first published in the late 1760s, were widely read and admired by our nation’s founders”(The history of, 2008).
While Parliament was agreeing to the Reform Act of 1832, one of its members, Michael Sadler was out investigating the treatment of children in the British Textile factories. Sadler showed the harsh conditions that children worked in ---- including physical mistreatment, long hours, and low wages. Because of Sadler’s report, Parliament passed the Factory Act in 1833. The citizens of Britain, Michael Sadler, and Parliament all had a part in the making of these reforms. However what were the effects of these Reforms?