Many modified hemoglobin conditions don’t cause problems, but sometimes these mutations can affect the hemoglobin’s function. The hemoglobin is inside of the blood cell, and it is surrounded by a membrane. Several hundred variations of hemoglobin are known to exist. If the genes become damaged, they may not be able to produce normal amounts of hemoglobin. Usually, this damage will only affect of the two protein strains [alpha or beta].
By using the genes from two bacteria producing organisms such as Alcaligenes Eutrophus, they could insert them into cress plants with the aim of these plants producing the PHB. This process worked and the plants and some of their offspring produced around 14% of the dry weight as PHB. Although this is not as high yielding as when it is produced in the petri dishes, it is a much more economically viable method of production and hence would give a much more substantial impact to society. Chemically PHB is from a group of biopolymers known as the polyhyroxyalkanoates. Figure 1 below shows other examples of biopolymers in
1) Genetic engineering or genetic modification is the process of altering an organism’s genetic material for a beneficial purpose. Genetic modification is used to improve the products we obtain from plants and animals making them more nutritious, less-harmful manufacturing processes, and production in large quantities making them less expensive. 2) Gene Therapy- when an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal gene in order to treat a disorder or medical disease Plasmid- small circular DNA molecules in the cytoplasm of bacteria, these molecules cut DNA into a recognizable sequences DNA Polymerase Chain (PCR)- technique used to make copies of a certain gene. Biologists particularly use this with tiny genes that are rarely available. Hybridization- crossing different traits to bring the best of organisms into one.
These non-animal methods replace those archaic animal tests, and take less time to complete. It' shocking that individuals are not informed that non-animal experimentation methods are applicable to human life. The physiological chip is an amazing invention that contains cell compartments that are eligible to test the effects of drugs. Barnard (2007) describes the ability of the chip to “mimic the complex functions of the human body” (p.19). If a simple chip has the power to mimic the functions of the human body, then it is a huge resource to research.
Because some bacteria can divide every twenty minutes, a new beneficial mutation can spread rapidly through prokaryotic populations in response to environmental changes. 2. Prokaryotic growth refers more to the multiplication of cells, rather than the increase in size. Various species of prokaryotes are adapted to various conditions. Refrigeration slows food spoilage because the lower temperature slows binary fission.
Stem cells from embryos have proven to have greater flexibility than adult cells. Embryonic stem cell research can help find cures for or prevent issues such as Cancer of various different types, Parkinson‟s disease, Alzheimer‟s, Heart disease, Stroke, Diabetes, Various birth defects, Spinal cord injuries, Organ damage and even transplant rejection. The reason why it can help with all of these issues, and many more, is that embryonic stem cell research uses the regenerative cells of an embryo which are able to reproduce any other cell in the body. the process of organ transplantation will become much more easier if human cloning is developed to its full potential. By resorting to therapeutic cloning the doctors will be able to replace damaged tissues and organs in the human body, and treat various diseases and disorders with ease, The practice of waiting for a donor to obtain the desired organ would come to a halt as the required organ can be generated at will.
The reason for the mutations is that the DNA inside a natural embryo is programmed to set off signals to activate certain sets of genes. Later, when the embryonic cells differentiate, the programs change. In cloning, the natural embryo has a completely different program then the transferred nucleus. This causes certain genes to be activated in a completely different order then the original. Lucky for Dolly and very few other clones, their genetic programs were very similar to that of the original.
They are extremely versatile as to what job they end up doing, because until they are in a certain place of the body, they do not transform into specific cells with specific functions. This means that they can do whatever job the scientists want them to do and they can become almost any cell that is in a normal human body. This means that there is a possibility that stem cells could be used in cloning organs or for the repair of damaged parts of the human anatomy. The uses for such an exponential scientific achievement would be without bound, because it would mean that they could use cells inside of someone to help heal them of whatever problem they are facing, within the realm of stem cell usage of course. For instance, if the right breakthroughs in research are made, if you needed a transplant in the future the doctors would be able to grow you a copy of the organ you need from the organ you already possess, which would in effect take out the middle man in the donation process.
Understand the causes of infection 1.Bacteria are classified into different groups and can be pathogenic (capable of causing illness) or non-pathogenic (not likely to cause illness). Different types of bacteria are identified by their varying shapes. Bacteria are simple organisms, made up of just one cell, and are capable of reproducing by themselves. They do this through a process of growing to twice their original size and splitting into two; those two cells then split into two more, and so on. This may appear to be a very simple process; however, conditions have to be right for it to happen and for the bacteria to be viable.
Every single bit of the copies DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) is the same compared to the original. Clones can happen naturally, identical twins are one of many examples. Or they can be made in a lab. Cloning was inspired from crossbreeding, which is the act of combining different species and combining the genes to make a new and unique organism. For an example: Donkey and a Horse would make a Mule.