The equilibrium is of dynamic nature; means that both the forward and backward processes are taking place even at the equilibrium point but with the same speed. The equilibrium involving gases can be attained only in closed containers. At equilibrium, the concentrations of different substances involved in the process become constant at constant temperature. The equilibrium involving a solid dissolved in a liquid at a particular temperature is represented by the saturated solution. Question 3 The solubility of a gas in a liquid is given by Henry's law.
This is very important as this allows osmosis occurs in our bodies. Plasma is forced out of the capillaries under high hydrostatic pressure to form tissue fluid. Some of the tissue fluid is return in capillary ends and some is returned to the blood by the lymphatic system. Plasma carries glucose, ions, waste product, respiratory gases and hormones around the body. Small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse in and out of the cells through the phospholipid bilayer; ions and glucose molecules enter and leave the cell via the channel proteins.
When the concentration of the surfactant solution exceeds the critical micelle concentration (CMC) whereby the surface of the solution is full of surfactant molecules, the remaining surfactant molecules self-assemble into groups called micelle. The hydrophilic head of the surfactant molecules would be at the outer side of the micelle in contact with water, leaving the hydrophobic tail of the molecules in the interior of the micelle as shown in the diagram below. In order to increase surface area of a solution, the work required is proportional to the amount of molecules at the surface of the liquid, following the equation below where dA is the difference in surface area and γ is the surface tension. δW = γ . dA When a drop of liquid is released on to a solid surface, it rests and forms a lens-shape which is controlled by three forces: the surface tension at the solid/vapor interface γSV, surface tension at the solid/liquid interface γSL, and the surface tension at the liquid/vapor interface γLV.
Within the capsule, the kidney is divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. Each kidney is made up of about one million nephrons. A nephron is the basic filtering unit of the kidney. It is made up of blood vessels and tubules which radiate outward from the hilum of the kidney, the medial notch where the major blood vessels and ureters enter the kidney. Each renal artery enters its respective kidney at the renal hilus and divides into interlobar arteries.
Diffusion and Osmosis Shown In Solutions Section 1: Abstract This lab, title Diffusion and Osmosis, was centered around the diffusion across a cellular membrane and how exactly materials move and diffuse in concentrations. Both diffusion and osmosis are forms of movement that are part of passive transport dealing with cell membranes. Diffusion is where the solutes move from an area of high concentration to a low concentration. Water goes through the cell membranes by diffusion. Osmosis is specifically the movement of water through membranes.
The two types of passive transport are diffusion and osmosis. Diffusion is the movement of materials down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of lo concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water(movement of water down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Both types of passive transport continue until equilibrium(the material or water is equal in all areas) is reached. When a solution a cell is placed in has more more atoms than the cell has the solution is known as a hypertonic solution while a solution holding less water than the cell it is known as a hypotonic solution.
Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is often used to neutralise the acid. Example: When the H+(aq) ions from an acid react with the OH–(aq) ions from an alkali, a neutralisation reaction occurs to form water. This is the equation for the reaction: H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l) For example, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution react together to form water and sodium chloride solution. The acid contains H+ ions and Cl– ions, and the alkali contains Na+ ions and OH– ions. The H+ ions and OH– ions produce the water, and the Na+ ions and Cl– ions produce the sodium chloride, NaCl(aq).
So a drug requires a number of partitioning and diffusion step. In this route drug passes through cytoplasm of cells. This route is suitable for hydrophilic drugs and highly hydrated keratin gives aqueous pathway to the hydrophilic drugs. The drug passes through the corneocytes of stratum corneum. iii) Intercellular route :- Intercellular pathway the drug diffuses through the continuous lipid matrix present between the cells.
Determination of osmolarity and tonicity of solutions In order to predict whether osmosis will occur when a cell is placed in a solution, two characteristics about the solution need to be determined (in this order): 1st the osmolarity 2nd the tonicity. 1st Determine the osmolarity of the solution the cell is placed in. in order to due this, determine whether the solution has a salt that dissociates into ions and, if so, how many ions per molecule are formed upon dissociation. (e.g. NaCl 1 Na+ and 1 Cl- are formed).
Voltaic/Galvanic cells are a particular type of redox reaction that involves the creation of a spontaneous electric current. To measure the electric current being transferred between the two half-cells, a voltmeter (or other measuring instrument) must be used. In the oxidation half-cell, the soluble salt along with its companion metal, known as the electrode, is placed in the solution and connected to the voltmeter wire; the same is done for the reduction half-cell. Oxidations occur at the anode (-) of the voltmeter and reductions take place at the cathode (+). The half-cells are connected by a salt-bridge, which allows the flow of ions and creates stability.