He establishes a multiracial kingdom in which he sets to establish a unity of common Greek culture. Caesar Augustus was also known as a good military commander. Following Caesar’s death, Augustus along with Mark Antony and Lepidus, defeated Caesar’s murderers in 42 BC at Philippi. After this the Mediterranean was divided with Augustus controlling the west, Antony controlling the east, and Lepidus controlling Africa. Later Octavian defeats Lepidus and controls Africa.
This essay will discuss the main features of the Roman aristocratic ethos in the second century BC and indicate the strengths and weaknesses of this system within Roman society. Greek historian Titus Livius made reference to two well known myths of Ancient Rome and their significance to Roman societal values. Both of these myths are at the very heart of the founding of Rome and the Roman Republic itself. The first is the myth of the founding of Rome with the birth of twins Romulus and Remus by the Vestal Virgin Rhea Silvia as a result of rape by the God Mars. The second relates to the founding of the Roman Republic with the last king of Rome Tarquin the Proud and his family expelled from the city after his son Sextus had raped his cousin's
Locke makes clear in the Second Treatise that the ownership of property has been problematic in prior political philosophy. This is because of the common idea that the earth and everything in it belongs to all men mutually, as they were bestowed by God the creator. Thus it can become uncertain how one man can lay claim to own part of what was not originally his, and thereby, exclude that part from the rest of humanity. Locke suggests two different arguments in which private ownership can exist justly even if derived from a public good: one based on natural right and another based in utility. The first of which explains that men have a natural right to acquire and possess property; this argument is the most important to the overarching theme of his work.
Kant devised two different types of imperatives which allow us to make our decisions, hypothetical imperatives are the rules that we follow to attain a personal outcome or a selfish wish whereas categorical imperatives are intrinsically right. His first categorical imperative was meant to establish that humans should only act according to a law that can be universalised. ‘’Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law’’ – (Kant the moral order). The second of the imperatives is that we as humans should never use another human as a means to an end, treat them all with value. ‘’Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end’’.
He explains that the strong can only be powerful when they make just choices, otherwise they will be overthrown by a united majority. Plato, and Socrates, introduces the idea that knowledge exists for the benefit of others, and that justice is no different. Therefore, rulers must exist to benefit others, or else they will rule no more. The Republic goes on to show many more examples throughout text, including why justice benefits the weak as well. Socrates argues that justice, when defined properly, is not subjective nor does it benefit only one group of people.
A moral relativist would believe that there is no definite set of rules that apply universally. Instead they believe that all decisions should be made upon circumstances at the time and more importantly why the action was made. This is called cultural relativism. The theory of relativist morality was first established by Protagoras who asked questions such as, “what is good for you?” He did not believe that our knowledge was all fixed or that it extended depending on our experiences, as Plato did being a moral absolutist. He stated, “Man is the measure of all things”.
“Democracy; by the sword, principles and the spirit” Democracy is the form of government which derives its power from the people. Democracy came from the two Greek words Demos, ”people” and “kratos” which means power. Etymologically, it means the rule of the people. To me, the Democracy that the Ancient Athenians embraced is a Democracy of the Sword, a collective consciousness of the Ancient Athenian objection to the Socratic idea of a Philosopher King and the desire for political equality. It is apparent on how the Ancient Athenians executed Socrates after the series of attempts of his followers to destroy Democracy.
Sartre said “first of all, man exist, turn up, appears on the scene, and, only afterward, defines himself. If man is definable, it is because at first he is nothing. Only afterward will he be something, and he himself will have made what he will be”. (Page 227) What does he mean by the term anguish, forlornness, and despair? Anguish: Sartre said that the man who involve himself and who realizes that he is not only the person he chooses to be, but also a law-maker who is, at the same time, choosing all mankind as well as himself, cannot help escape the feeling of his total and deep responsibility.
(Lawhead 2011:15-16). However, the pre-Socratic philosophers brought about change through discrediting the accepted mythical thinking that all things can be explained by means of the nature of the Greek gods. They went about removing the negativity surrounding knowledge at the time in order to facilitate human beings to determine truth for themselves instead of blindly believing explanations of a blind nature. This opened up a consideration for knowledge from a naturalistic standpoint (Curd & Graham 2008:8). The theories of the pre-Socratic philosophers were generally characterised by their link to perception.
INTRODUCTION The separation of powers is a constitutional principle designed to ensure that the functions, personnel and powers of the major institutions of the state are not concentrated in any one body. It ensures a diffusion rather than a concentration of power within the state. The fundamental purpose of the separation of powers is to avoid the abuse of power and thereby to protect the rights and liberties of citizens. The concept itself is of great antiquity and can be attributed to Aristotle, however, the clearest exposition of the doctrine can be found in the French writer Charles- Louis de Montesquieus. In essence, Montesquieu states that the three organs of government, the executive, legislature and judiciary should each have a discrete and defined area of power and that there should be a clear demarcation of functions between them.