2. Lava Flows is the lava that slide down the side of the volcano. The dangers of hot lava meeting the surface are streams that resulted from the boiling of the salt water and the instantaneously change to a crystal. The water temperature where lava meets water is 30 -69. Volcanic Gases 1.
The water builds up along the junction between the rock layers and seeps out of the cliffs as a series of springs. After periods of prolonged rainfall, the build up of water increases the weight of the cliff top. Increased pore pressure reduces the friction and allows large sections of the cliff top to break away. As the cliff top block subsides, it rotates along the slip plane within the cliff, resulting in the flat surface tipping back towards the cliff. The displacement shunts thousands of tonnes of material into the undercliffs, the area between the cliff top and the beach, generating mudslides within the softer Jurassic clays that in turn slide towards and across the beach.
They grow by piling up lava and ash into cones with steep-sided slopes, which are prone to collapse as massive landslides known as debris avalanches. The 1980 debris avalanche at Mount St. Helens literally opened a new chapter in the study of volcanic hazards. Debris avalanches were an under-appreciated hazard prior to 1980. More than 200 prehistoric debris avalanche deposits around the world were recognized because of observations of processes and resulting geologic features at Mount St. Helens. For example, the origin of puzzling, hilly volcanic deposits near Mount Shasta and Mount Rainier became clear.
They can cause widespread destruction, such as the 1980 eruption of Mt St Helens. Lahars are a secondary effect of a volcanic eruption and are cement-like mudflows consisting of volcanic ash and water. They often occur in the days following an eruption when people are at their most vulnerable and with the capacity to travel up
Scientists have found over five thousand underwater volcanoes that are active. When the lava from underwater volcanoes mixes with the ocean water, it gets covered with a solid crust. This forms rocks called pillow lava. My experiment shows how the hot water from underwater volcanoes mixes with the colder ocean water. I got the idea from a book called “101 Great Science Experiments” by Neil Ardley.
The magma that reached the sea bed due to weakness in the crust cooled quickly and formed a layer of basalt above the sediments (see diagram 1). Other magma intrusions
He suggested that at the centre of oceans, molten material would rise from the Earth’s mantle, causing new sea floor to be created, pushing the ocean floor. He also suggested that there were ocean trenches where old sea floor would then go back into the mantle, and molten. He found that these ocean trenches, the deepest parts of the ocean, were very near continental plates. Hess theorized that the action of the sea floor spreading caused continents to move apart and so this being evidence for continental drift, showing why it happened. The evidence of sea floor spreading was further supported by Vine and Drummond, who studied the magnetic pattern of the sea floor.
Due to high temperatures in the mantle of around 3000 degrees centigrade, this oceanic crusts melts and then rises due to the convection currents in the aesthenosphere . As it joins with trapped seawater and sediment, it melts the overlying continental crust, and the magma plumes rise to the surface. They contain more silica so are more viscous, which plugs up the volcano, meaning pressure build up. This is why these volcanoes are so explosive. Another type of plate boundary are constructive, which is the margin between two diverging plates where new magma
Web. 24 May 2014. Dickey, Gwyneth. "Stanford scientists link ocean acidification to prehistoric mass extinction." The Stanford Report 27 Apr.
Hurricanes need the ocean’s water temperature to be about 80 degrees to a depth of about 150 feet. Another factor of the forming of hurricanes is the rapid cooling of the warm water vapors that were evaporated, which causes condensation (the second step of the water cycle). The third step of the water cycle is precipitation and that happens when too many water vapors are condensed and rain starts to fall. Humidity is also needed in the